Letter to the editor: Importance of considering high-risk behaviours in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness estimates with observational studies

Takeshi Arashiro; Yuzo Arima; Jin Kuramochi; Hirokazu Muraoka; Akihiro Sato; Kumi Chubachi; Kunihiro Oba; Atsushi Yanai; Hiroko Arioka; Yuki Uehara; Genei Ihara; Yasuyuki Kato; Naoki Yanagisawa; Yoshito Nagura; Hideki Yanai; Akihiro Ueda; Akira Numata; Hideaki Kato; Hideaki Oka; Yusuke Nishida; Takao Ooki; Yuki Nidaira; Ashley Stucky; Tadaki Suzuki; Chris Smith; Martin Hibberd; Koya Ariyoshi; Motoi Suzuki

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.4.2300034

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Letter to the editor: Importance of considering high-risk behaviours in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness estimates with observational studies
Takeshi Arashiro^1,2,3,4 , Yuzo Arima¹ , Jin Kuramochi^5,6 , Hirokazu Muraoka⁷ , Akihiro Sato⁸ , Kumi Chubachi⁹ , Kunihiro Oba¹⁰ , Atsushi Yanai¹¹ , Hiroko Arioka¹¹ , Yuki Uehara^12,13 , Genei Ihara¹⁴ , Yasuyuki Kato¹⁵ , Naoki Yanagisawa¹⁶ , Yoshito Nagura¹⁷ , Hideki Yanai¹⁸ , Akihiro Ueda¹⁹ , Akira Numata²⁰ , Hideaki Kato²¹ , Hideaki Oka²² , Yusuke Nishida²² , Takao Ooki²³ , Yuki Nidaira⁵ , Ashley Stucky¹ , Tadaki Suzuki² , Chris Smith^3,4 , Martin Hibberd³ , Koya Ariyoshi⁴ , Motoi Suzuki¹
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Affiliations: ¹ Center for Surveillance, Immunization, and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan ² Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan ³ Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom ⁴ School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan ⁵ Kuramochi Clinic Interpark, Tochigi, Japan ⁶ Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan ⁷ CLINIC FOR Tamachi, Tokyo, Japan ⁸ KARADA Internal Medicine Clinic, Tokyo, Japan ⁹ Chubachi Internal Respiratory Medicine Clinic, Tokyo, Japan ¹⁰ Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan ¹¹ Department of General Internal Medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan ¹² Department of Clinical Laboratory, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan ¹³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan ¹⁴ Machida Ekimae Naika Clinic, Tokyo, Japan ¹⁵ Department of Infectious Diseases, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan ¹⁶ Yanagisawa Clinic, Tokyo, Japan ¹⁷ Shinjuku Home Clinic, Tokyo, Japan ¹⁸ Fukujuji Hospital, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Japan ¹⁹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan ²⁰ Ikebukuro Metropolitan Clinic, Tokyo, Japan ²¹ Infection Prevention and Control Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan ²² Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan ²³ Saitama Sekishinkai Hospital, Saitama, Japan

Correspondence:
Takeshi Arashiro
arashirot niid.go.jp
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Citation style for this article: Arashiro Takeshi, Arima Yuzo, Kuramochi Jin, Muraoka Hirokazu, Sato Akihiro, Chubachi Kumi, Oba Kunihiro, Yanai Atsushi, Arioka Hiroko, Uehara Yuki, Ihara Genei, Kato Yasuyuki, Yanagisawa Naoki, Nagura Yoshito, Yanai Hideki, Ueda Akihiro, Numata Akira, Kato Hideaki, Oka Hideaki, Nishida Yusuke, Ooki Takao, Nidaira Yuki, Stucky Ashley, Suzuki Tadaki, Smith Chris, Hibberd Martin, Ariyoshi Koya, Suzuki Motoi. Letter to the editor: Importance of considering high-risk behaviours in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness estimates with observational studies. Euro Surveill. 2023;28(4):pii=2300034. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.4.2300034 Received: 16 Jan 2023; Accepted: 24 Jan 2023

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Government of the Netherlands. Netherlands to reopen further with coronavirus entry passes. Amsterdam: Government of the Netherlands; 2021. Available from: https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2021/09/14/netherlands-to-reopen-further-with-coronavirus-entry-passes
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Arashiro T, Arima Y, Muraoka H, Sato A, Oba K, Uehara Y, et al. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during Delta-dominant and Omicron-dominant periods in Japan: a multi-center prospective case-control study (FASCINATE study). Clin Infect Dis. 2022;ciac635. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac635 PMID: 35918782
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