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Abstract

Background

Various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses can lead to meningitis. Among viruses causing meningitis, Toscana virus (TOSV), a phlebovirus, is transmitted through sandfly bites. TOSV infection may be suspected if patients with enterovirus- and herpesvirus-negative aseptic (non-bacterial) meningitis recall recent insect bites. Other epidemiological factors (season, rural area) may be considered. The broad range of possible meningitis aetiologies poses considerable diagnosis challenges. Untargeted metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can potentially identify pathogens, which are not considered or detected in routine diagnostic panels.

Aim

In this retrospective, single-centre observational study, we investigated mNGS usefulness to understand the cause of meningitis when conventional approaches fail.

Methods

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients hospitalised in southern Spain in 2015–2019 with aseptic meningitis and no aetiology found by conventional testing, were subjected to mNGS. Patients’ demographic characteristics had been recorded and physicians had asked them about recent insect bites. Obtained viral genome sequences were phylogenetically analysed.

Results

Among 23 idiopathic cases, TOSV was identified in eight (all male; median age:  39 years, range: 15–78 years). Five cases lived in an urban setting, three occurred in autumn and only one recalled insect bites. Phylogenetic analysis of TOSV segment sequences supported one intra-genotype reassortment event.

Conclusions

Our study highlights the usefulness of mNGS for identifying viral pathogens directly in CSF. In southern Spain, TOSV should be considered regardless of recalling of insect bites or other epidemiological criteria. Detection of a disease-associated reassortant TOSV emphasises the importance of monitoring the spread and evolution of phleboviruses in Mediterranean countries.

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2023-11-09
2024-11-21
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.45.2200913
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Untargeted metagenomic sequencing identifies Toscana virus in patients with idiopathic meningitis, southern Spain, 2015 to 2019
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Fabiana+G%C3%A1mbaro&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Gámbaro Fabiana</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Ana+Bel%C3%A9n+P%C3%A9rez&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Pérez Ana Belén</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Matthieu+Prot&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Prot Matthieu</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Eduardo+Ag%C3%BCera&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Agüera Eduardo</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Artem+Baidaliuk&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Baidaliuk Artem</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mar%C3%ADa+Paz+S%C3%A1nchez-Seco&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Sánchez-Seco María Paz</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Luis+Mart%C3%ADnez-Mart%C3%ADnez&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Martínez-Martínez Luis</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Ana+V%C3%A1zquez&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Vázquez Ana</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mar%C3%ADa+Dolores+Fernandez-Garcia&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Fernandez-Garcia María Dolores</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Etienne+Simon-Loriere&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Simon-Loriere Etienne</a></span>. Untargeted metagenomic sequencing identifies Toscana virus in patients with idiopathic meningitis, southern Spain, 2015 to 2019. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2023;28(45):pii=2200913. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.45.2200913" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.45.2200913</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 21 Nov 2022;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 15 Apr 2023 </span> </p>
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