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Abstract

Background

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are among chief causes of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). In Spain, studies addressing multidrug resistance based on epidemiological surveillance systems are lacking.

Aim

In this observational study, cases of HAIs by MDR bacteria notified to the epidemiological surveillance system of Andalusia, Spain, between 2014−2021, were investigated. Notified cases and their spatiotemporal distribution were described, with a focus on social determinants of health (SDoH).

Methods

New cases during the study period of HAIs caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-/carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales, MDR , MDR or meticillin resistant were considered. Among others, notification variables included sex and age, while socio-economic variables comprised several SDoH. Cases’ spatial distribution across municipalities was assessed. The smooth standardised incidence ratio (sSIR) was obtained using a Bayesian spatial model. Association between municipalities’ sSIR level and SDoH was evaluated by bivariate analysis.

Results

In total, 6,389 cases with a median age of 68 years were notified; 61.4% were men (n = 3,921). The most frequent MDR bacteria were ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (2,812/6,389; 44.0%); the main agent was spp. (2,956/6,389; 46.3%). Between 2014 and 2021 case numbers appeared to increase. Overall, up to 15-fold differences in sSIR between municipalities were observed. In bivariate analysis, there appeared to be an association between municipalities’ sSIR level and deprivation (p = 0.003).

Conclusion

This study indicates that social factors should be considered when investigating HAIs by MDR bacteria. The case incidence heterogeneity between Andalusian municipalities might be explained by SDoH, but also possibly by under-notification. Automatising reporting may address the latter.

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2023-09-28
2024-12-23
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Healthcare-associated infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria in Andalusia, Spain, 2014 to 2021
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Nicol%C3%A1s+Francisco+Fern%C3%A1ndez-Mart%C3%ADnez&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Fernández-Martínez Nicolás Francisco</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mario+Rivera-Izquierdo&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Rivera-Izquierdo Mario</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Roc%C3%ADo+Ortiz-Gonz%C3%A1lez-Serna&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Ortiz-González-Serna Rocío</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Virginia+Mart%C3%ADnez-Ruiz&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Martínez-Ruiz Virginia</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Pablo+Lardelli-Claret&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Lardelli-Claret Pablo</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Adri%C3%A1n+Hugo+Aginagalde-Llorente&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Aginagalde-Llorente Adrián Hugo</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mar%C3%ADa+del+Carmen+Valero-Ubierna&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Valero-Ubierna María del Carmen</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mar%C3%ADa+Auxiliadora+Vergara-D%C3%ADaz&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Vergara-Díaz María Auxiliadora</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Nicola+Lorusso&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Lorusso Nicola</a></span>. Healthcare-associated infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria in Andalusia, Spain, 2014 to 2021. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2023;28(39):pii=2200805. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.39.2200805" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.39.2200805</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 05 Oct 2022;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 15 Mar 2023 </span> </p>
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