1887
Review Open Access
Like 0

Abstract

Background

In December 2019, a pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China and has rapidly spread around the world since then.

Aim

This study aims to understand the research gaps related to COVID-19 and propose recommendations for future research.

Methods

We undertook a scoping review of COVID-19, comprehensively searching databases and other sources to identify literature on COVID-19 between 1 December 2019 and 6 February 2020. We analysed the sources, publication date, type and topic of the retrieved articles/studies.

Results

We included 249 articles in this scoping review. More than half (59.0%) were conducted in China. Guidance/guidelines and consensuses statements (n = 56; 22.5%) were the most common. Most (n = 192; 77.1%) articles were published in peer-reviewed journals, 35 (14.1%) on preprint servers and 22 (8.8%) posted online. Ten genetic studies (4.0%) focused on the origin of SARS-CoV-2 while the topics of molecular studies varied. Nine of 22 epidemiological studies focused on estimating the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 infection (R). Of all identified guidance/guidelines (n = 35), only ten fulfilled the strict principles of evidence-based practice. The number of articles published per day increased rapidly until the end of January.

Conclusion

The number of articles on COVID-19 steadily increased before 6 February 2020. However, they lack diversity and are almost non-existent in some study fields, such as clinical research. The findings suggest that evidence for the development of clinical practice guidelines and public health policies will be improved when more results from clinical research becomes available.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.15.2000125
2020-04-16
2024-11-05
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.15.2000125
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/25/15/eurosurv-25-15-4.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.15.2000125&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC PRC). Feb 7: Daily briefing on novel coronavirus cases in China. Beijing: NHC PRC; 7 Feb 2020. Available from: http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-02/07/c_76323.htm
  2. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. Geneva: WHO. [Accessed 14 April 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  3. National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHC PRC). Timeline of China's fight against the novel coronavirus. Beijing: NHC PRC; 24 Jan 2020. Available from: http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-03/20/c_78021.htm
  4. World Health Organization (WHO). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Geneva: WHO; 30 Jan 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
  5. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Geneva: 11 Mar 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
  6. World Health Organization (WHO). Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (‎‎‎nCoV)‎‎‎ infection is suspected. Interim guidance. Geneva: WHO. [Accessed 25 Jan 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125
  7. World Health Organization (WHO). Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (‎‎nCoV)‎‎ infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts. Interim guidance. Version 1. Geneva: WHO; 20 Jan 2020. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200120-ncov-home-care-infected-patients.pdf
  8. World Health Organization (WHO). Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) readiness and initial response for novel coronaviruses (‎nCoV): Interim guidance. Geneva: WHO; 26 Jan 2020. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330377
  9. World Health Organization (WHO). Laboratory testing of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)‎‎ in suspected human cases. Interim guidance. Geneva: WHO; 17 Jan 2020. Available from: https://www.healthynewbornnetwork.org/hnn-content/uploads/Interim-laboratory-eng.pdf
  10. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients with Suspected or Confirmed 2019 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)in Healthcare Settings. Atlanta: US CDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html
  11. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Interim Guidance for Implementing Home Care of People Not Requiring Hospitalization for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Atlanta: US CDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-home-care.html
  12. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Contact tracing: Public health management of persons, including healthcare workers, having had contact with COVID-19 cases in the European Union. Stockholm: ECDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/public-health-management-persons-having-had-contact-novel-coronavirus-cases
  13. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Infection prevention and control for the care of patients with 2019-nCoV in healthcare settings. Stockholm: ECDC; 2 Feb 2020. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-care-patients-2019-ncov-healthcare-settings
  14. Johansson MA, Reich NG, Meyers LA, Lipsitch M. Preprints: An underutilized mechanism to accelerate outbreak science. PLoS Med. 2018;15(4):e1002549.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002549  PMID: 29614073 
  15. Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):143.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x  PMID: 30453902 
  16. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467-73.  https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850  PMID: 30178033 
  17. Jiang H, Deng HF, Wang Y, Liu Z, Sun MW, Zhou P, et al. [The possibility of using Lopinave/Litonawe (LPV/r) as treatment for novel coronavirus 2019-nCov pneumonia: a quick systematic review based on earlier coronavirus clinical studies]. Chin J Emerg Med. 2020;29(2):182-6. Chinese. Available from: http://rs.yiigle.com/yufabiao/1179572.htm
  18. Ji W, Wang W, Zhao X, Zai J, Li X. Cross-species transmission of the newly identified coronavirus 2019-nCoV. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):433-40.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25682  PMID: 31967321 
  19. Chen JY, Shi JS, Qiu DA, Liu C, Li X, Zhao Q, et al. [Bioinformatics analysis of the 2019 novel coronavirus genome]. J Bioinform. 2020;01(01):1-10. Chinese. Available from: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/23.1513.Q.20200120.0839.002.html
  20. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W, Hu Y, et al. Complete genome characterisation of a novel coronavirus associated with severe human respiratory disease in Wuhan, China. bioRxiv. 2020;919183: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.24.919183
  21. Dong N, Yang X, Ye L, Chen K, Chan EWC, Yang M, et al. Genomic and protein structure modelling analysis depicts the origin and infectivity of 2019-nCoV, a new coronavirus which caused a pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China. bioRxiv. 2020;913368: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.20.913368
  22. Paraskevis D, Kostaki EG, Magiorkinis G, Panayiotakopoulos G, Sourvinos G, Tsiodras S. Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infect Genet Evol. 2020;79:104212.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104212  PMID: 32004758 
  23. Stoermer M. Homology Models of Wuhan Coronavirus 3CLpro Protease. ChemRxiv. 2020;11637294: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.11637294.v1
  24. Chan JF, Kok KH, Zhu Z, Chu H, To KK, Yuan S, et al. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):221-36.  https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902  PMID: 31987001 
  25. Ramaiah A, Arumugaswami V. Insights into Cross-species Evolution of Novel Human Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Defining Immune Determinants for Vaccine Development. bioRxiv. 2020;925867: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.29.925867
  26. Guo Q, Li M, Wang CH, Wang PH, Fang ZC, Tan J, et al. Host and infectivity prediction of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus using deep learning algorithm. bioRxiv. 2020;914044: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.21.914044
  27. Zhao Y, Zhao ZX, Wang YJ, Zhou YQ, Ma Y, Zuo W. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the putative receptor of Wuhan 2019-nCov. bioRxiv. 2020;919985: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.26.919985
  28. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20  PMID: 31996437 
  29. Chai XQ, Hu LF, Zhang Y, Han WY, Lu Z, Ke A, et al. Specific ACE2 Expression in Cholangiocytes May Cause Liver Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. bioRxiv. 2020;931766: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.03.931766
  30. Zhang H, Kang ZJ, Gong HY, Xu D, Wang J, Li ZF, et al. The digestive system is a potential route of 2019-nCov infection a bioinformatics analysis based on single-cell transcriptomes. bioRxiv. 2020;927806: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.30.927806
  31. Yang M, Zhao JM, Zhang Z. More Than Pneumonia, The Potential Occurrence of Multiple Organ Failure in 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection. SSRN. 2020;3532272: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532272
  32. Tian X, Li C, Huang A, Xia S, Lu S, Shi Z, et al. Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):382-5.  https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1729069  PMID: 32065055 
  33. Xu ZJ, Peng C, Shi YL, Zhu ZD, Mu KJ, Wang XY, et al. Nelfinavir was predicted to be a potential inhibitor of 2019-nCov main protease by an integrative approach combining homology modelling, molecular docking and binding free energy calculation. bioRxiv. 2020;921627: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.921627
  34. Li Y, Zhang JY, Wang N, Li HO, Shi Y, Guo G, et al. Therapeutic Drugs Targeting 2019-nCoV Main Protease by High-Throughput Screening. bioRxiv. 2020;922922: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.28.922922
  35. Zhou T, Liu QH, Yang ZM, Liao JY, Yang KX, Bai W, et al. [Preliminary Prediction of the basic reproduction number of the Wuhan novel coronavirus 2019‐nCoV]. J Evid Based Med. 2020;20(3): 359-364. Chinese. Available from: https://doi.org/10.7507/1672-2531.202001118
  36. Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):689-97.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9  PMID: 32014114 
  37. Shen MW, Peng ZH, Xiao YN, Zhang L. Modelling the epidemic trend of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. bioRxiv. 2020;916726: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.23.916726
  38. Riou J, Althaus CL. Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(4):2000058.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058  PMID: 32019669 
  39. Read J M, Bridgen J R, Cummings D A, Ho A, Jewell C P. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions. medRxiv. 2020;20018549: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.23.20018549
  40. Majumder MS, Mandl KD. Early Transmissibility Assessment of a Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. SSRN. 2020;3524675: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3524675
  41. Liu T, Hu JX, Kang M, Li LF, Zhong HJ, Xiao JP, et al. Transmission Dynamics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). SSRN. 2020;3526307: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3526307
  42. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316  PMID: 31995857 
  43. Zhang C, Wang M. Origin time and epidemic dynamics of the 2019 novel coronavirus. bioRxiv. 2020;919688: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.25.919688v3
  44. Zhang X, Wu K, Yue X, Zhu Y, Wu J. Inhibition of SARS-CoV gene expression by adenovirus-delivered small hairpin RNA. Intervirology. 2007;50(2):63-70.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000097391  PMID: 17139181 
  45. Ming W, Huang J, Zhang CJP. Breaking down of healthcare system: Mathematical modelling for controlling the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in Wuhan, China. bioRxiv. 2020;922443: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.922443v1
  46. Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MUG, Khan K. Potential for global spread of a novel coronavirus from China. J Travel Med. 2020;27(2):taaa011.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa011  PMID: 31985790 
  47. Bogoch II, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli A, Huber C, Kraemer MUG, Khan K. Pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. J Travel Med. 2020;27(2):taaa008.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa008  PMID: 31943059 
  48. Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK. The novel coronavirus: a bird’s eye view. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2020;11(2):65-71.  https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2020.1921  PMID: 32020915 
  49. Shi HS, Han XY, Fan YQ, Liang B, Yang F, Han P, et al. [Radiologic Features of Patients with 2019-nCoV Infection]. Journal of Clinical Radiology. 2020;02(06):1-8. Chinese. Available from: https://doi.org/10.13437/j.cnki.jcr.20200206.002
  50. Fang F, Luo XP. [Facing the pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infections: the pediatric perspectives]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58(2):81-5. PMID: 32102140 
  51. Li L, Liu JJ, Jin RH, Li HJ. [The legal class B infectious disease - the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a review]. New Medicine. 2020;30(1):14-21. Chinese. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.2020.01.06
  52. Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):418-23.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681  PMID: 31967327 
  53. Wen YM. [Pathogenicity, prevention and control of coronaviruses]. Journal of Microbes And Infections. 2020;15(1):5-12. Chinese. Available from: http://jmi.fudan.edu.cn/CN/abstract/abstract816.shtml
  54. Ralph R, Lew J, Zeng T, Francis M, Xue B, Roux M, et al. 2019-nCoV (Wuhan virus), a novel Coronavirus: human-to-human transmission, travel-related cases, and vaccine readiness. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14(1):3-17.  https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12425  PMID: 32088679 
  55. Zhang WF, He JM, Tie JF, Su YX, Ren Z. [Resistance and disinfection of Coronavirus]. Chinese Journal of Disinfection. 2020;37(1):63-67. Chinese. Available from: http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/11.2672.R.20200130.1723.002.html
  56. Liao X, Wang B, Kang Y. Novel coronavirus infection during the 2019-2020 epidemic: preparing intensive care units-the experience in Sichuan Province, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(2):357-60.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05954-2  PMID: 32025779 
  57. Li D. [Community Pevention Guidance for Noval Coronavirus Pneumonia]. Herald of Medicine. 2020;39(03):315-318. Chinese. Available from: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1293.R.20200203.1403.004.html
  58. Shen Y, Lu H. [Improving the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection]. Chin J Infect Dis. 2020;38(01):6-8. Chinese. Available from: http://rs.yiigle.com/CN311365202001/1183535.htm
  59. Gong RR, Zhen Y, Wang YF, Tong F, Bai ZG, Campbell China Network. [The public perceptions of non-pharmaceutical interventions for reducing transmission of respiratory infection: an evidence policy brief for social collaborative control of the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia]. New Medicine. 2020;30(02):89-93. Chinese. Available from: https://doi.org/10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.2020.02.02
  60. Yang Y, Cai HH, Geng Y. [Application of self-made protective face shield in protection of novel coronavirus pneumonia]. Infection, Inflammation, Repair. 2020; 02(02): 1-2. Chinese. Available from: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.5225.R.20200202.1841.002.html
  61. Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J. Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(5).  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062  PMID: 32046819 
  62. Ryu S, Chun BC, Korean Society of Epidemiology 2019-nCoV Task Force Team. An interim review of the epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus. Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020006.  https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020006  PMID: 32023775 
  63. Lei J, Li J, Li X, Qi X. CT imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):18.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200236  PMID: 32003646 
  64. Kanne JP. Chest CT findings in 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections from Wuhan, China: key points for the radiologist. Radiology. 2020;295(1):16-7.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200241  PMID: 32017662 
  65. Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KK, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9  PMID: 31986261 
  66. Li L, Ren M, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhao H, Liang L, et al. [Lung CT image of a confirmed case of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (With differential diagnosis of the SARS)]. New Medicine. 2020;30(1):4-6. Chinese. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.2020.01.03
  67. Cai J, Wang X, Ge Y, Xia A, Chang H, Tian H, et al. [First case of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children in Shanghai]. Chin J Pediatr. 2020;58(02):86-87. Chinese. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.02.002
  68. Liu P, Tan XZ. 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):19.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200257  PMID: 32013795 
  69. Pan Y, Guan H. Imaging changes in patients with 2019-nCov. Eur Radiol. 2020.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06713-z  PMID: 32025790 
  70. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5  PMID: 31986264 
  71. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7  PMID: 32007143 
  72. Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, Zhang N, Huang M, Zeng X, et al. CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology. 2020;295(1):202-7.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200230  PMID: 32017661 
  73. Wang W, Hu H, Song L, Gong X, Qu Y, Lu Z. [Image of pulmonary and diagnosis of atypical novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia: case series of 14 patients]. New Medicine. 2020;30(1):7-9. Chinese. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.2020.01.04
  74. Song F, Shi N, Shan F, Zhang Z, Shen J, Lu H, et al. Emerging 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;295(1):210-7.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200274  PMID: 32027573 
  75. An P, Chen X, Jiang X, Su J, Xiao Y, Ding Y, et al. Clinical Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Presented Gastrointestinal Symptoms But Without Fever Onset. SSRN. 2020;3532530: (Preprint). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3532530
  76. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017  PMID: 31978945 
  77. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):929-36.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191  PMID: 32004427 
  78. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5  PMID: 31986264 
  79. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7  PMID: 32007143 
  80. Hui DSI, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;91:264-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009  PMID: 31953166 
  81. Liu SL, Saif L. Emerging viruses without borders: The Wuhan coronavirus. Viruses. 2020;12(2):130.  https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020130  PMID: 31979013 
  82. Chen P, Mao L, Nassis GP, Harmer P, Ainsworth BE, Li F. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9(2):103-4.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001  PMID: 32099716 
  83. Liu SL. New virus in China requires international control effort. Nature. 2020;577(7791):472.  https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00135-z  PMID: 31956262 
  84. Gralinski LE, Menachery VD. Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses. 2020;12(2):135.  https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020135  PMID: 31991541 
  85. Lippi G, Plebani M. The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak: think the unthinkable and be prepared to face the challenge. Diagnosis (Berl). 2020. [Epub ahead of print].  https://doi.org/10.1515/dx-2020-0015  PMID: 32083831 
  86. Long JB, Ehrenfeld JM. The role of augmented intelligence (AI) in detecting and preventing the spread of novel coronavirus. J Med Syst. 2020;44(3):59.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-1536-6  PMID: 32020374 
  87. Nkengasong J. China’s response to a novel coronavirus stands in stark contrast to the 2002 SARS outbreak response. Nat Med. 2020;26(3):310-1.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0771-1  PMID: 31988464 
  88. Jiang S, Xia S, Ying T, Lu L. A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0372-4  PMID: 32024976 
  89. Bassetti M, Vena A, Giacobbe DR. The novel Chinese coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections: Challenges for fighting the storm. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(3):e13209.  https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13209  PMID: 32003000 
  90. Yoo JH. The Fight against the 2019-nCoV Outbreak: an Arduous March Has Just Begun. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(4):e56.  https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e56  PMID: 31997618 
  91. Kickbusch I, Leung G. Response to the emerging novel coronavirus outbreak. BMJ. 2020;368:m406.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m406  PMID: 32005675 
  92. Eurosurveillance Editorial Team. Note from the editors: World Health Organization declares novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) sixth public health emergency of international concern. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(5). PMID: 32019636 
  93. The Lancet. Emerging understandings of 2019-nCoV. Lancet. 2020;395(10221):311.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30186-0  PMID: 31986259 
  94. Tang JW, Tambyah PA, Hui DSC. Emergence of a novel coronavirus causing respiratory illness from Wuhan, China. J Infect. 2020;80(3):350-71.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.01.014  PMID: 32001309 
  95. Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9  PMID: 31986257 
  96. Kelvin DJ, Rubino S. Fear of the novel coronavirus. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2020;14(1):1-2.  https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12496  PMID: 32088678 
  97. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):401-2.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678  PMID: 31950516 
  98. Perlman S. Another decade, another coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):760-2.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2001126  PMID: 31978944 
  99. Cheng VCC, Wong SC, To KKW, Ho PL, Yuen KY. Preparedness and proactive infection control measures against the emerging novel coronavirus in China. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104(3):254-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.010  PMID: 31962139 
  100. Duarte R, Furtado I, Sousa L, Carvalho CFA. The 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Novel Virus, Old Challenges. Acta Med Port. 2020;33(3):155.  https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.13547  PMID: 32023427 
  101. Zhang WH. [Identification of a novel coronavirus and the landscape of prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases]. Chin J Infect Dis. 2020,38:Epub ahead of print. Chinese. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1000-6680.2020.01.002
  102. World Health Organization (WHO). Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV). Interim guidance v2. Geneva: WHO; 15 Jan 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/surveillance-case-definitions-for-human-infection-withnovel-coronavirus-(ncov)
  103. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Surveillance for human infection with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Interim guidance. Geneva: WHO; 21 Jan 2020. Available from: https://www.ephi.gov.et/images/20200121-global-surveillance-for-2019-ncov.pdf
  104. World Health Organization (WHO). Advice on the use of masks the community, during home care and in health care settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Interim guidance. Geneva: WHO; 29 Jan 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-2019-ncov.pdf
  105. World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (‎‎‎‎‎‎2019-nCoV)‎‎‎‎‎‎ infection is suspected. Interim guidance. Geneva: WHO; 28 Jan 2020. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330893
  106. World Health Organization (WHO). National capacities review tool for a novel coronavirus (nCoV). Geneva: WHO; 10 Jan 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/national-capacities-review-tool-for-a-novel-coronavirus-ncov.pdf
  107. World Health Organization (WHO). Household transmission investigation protocol for 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection. Geneva: WHO; 25 Jan 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/household-transmission-investigation-protocol-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-infection
  108. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China. Atlanta: US CDC; 17 Jan 2020. Available from: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00426.asp
  109. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Atlanta: US CDC; 1 Feb 2020. Available from: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00427.asp
  110. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Lab Update: Interim Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines for Handling and Processing Specimens Associated with 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Atlanta: US CDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dls/locs/2020/interim_lab_biosafety_guidelines_for_handling_and_processing_specimens_associated_with_2019_novel_coronavirus.html
  111. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Evaluating and Testing Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Atlanta: US CDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-criteria.html
  112. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Atlanta: US CDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html
  113. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Interim Guidance for Ships on Managing Suspected Coronavirus Disease 2019. Atlanta: US CDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/maritime/recommendations-for-ships.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Ftravelers%2Frecommendations-for-ships.html
  114. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC). Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Atlanta: US CDC. [Accessed 6 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html
  115. Wang YG, Qi WS, Ma JJ, Ruan LG, Lu YR, Li XC, et al. [Clinical characteristics and syndrome differentiation of new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine]. J Tradit Chin Med. 2020,61(04),281-285. Chinese. Available from: http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/11.2166.R.20200129.1258.002.html.
  116. Jin YH, Lin C, Cheng ZS, Cheng H, Deng T, Fan YP, et al. [A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (Standard version)]. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army. 2020;45(1):1-21. Chinese. Available from: http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-JFJY202001002.htm.
  117. Li SY, Huang WZ, Liao XL, Li DD, Du LY, Song JJ, et al. [Disease control of 2019-novel coronavirus infection in hospital: West China urgent recommendation]. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2020;20(2):125-133. Chinese. Available from: http://www.cjebm.com/article/10.7507/1672-2531.202001121
  118. Li TS, Cao W, Weng L, Fan HW. Shi JH. [Peking Union Medical College Hospital's proposal for the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (V2.0)]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. 2020;01(01):1-5. Chinese. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/11.5882.r.20200130.1430.002.html
  119. Ni Z, Luo FM, Wang JM, Liu TT, Zhang TX, Yang W, et al. [Recommendations for nebulization therapy in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia]. Chinese Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2020;19(02):120-124. Chinese. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDAUTO&filename=ZGHW202002009&v=MjM5ODU3cWZZK1pyRnlubVVyckFQeXJEZWJHNEhOSE1yWTlGYllSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVI=
  120. Zhao DC, Jin RM, Liu ZS, Yin W. [Recommendation for the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus infection in children in Hubei (trial first version)]. Chin J Contemp Pediatr. 2020;22(02):96-9. Chinese. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDAUTO&filename=DDKZ202002004&v=MDE1NzQ5RllJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSN3FmWStackZ5bm1WTHpCSVNuQWRMRzRITkhNclk=
  121. Wang JH, Bao L, Shi Y. [NICU emergency prepardness plan during the epidemic novel coronavirus infection]. Chin J Contemp Pediatr. 2020;22(02):91-5. Chinese. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDAUTO&filename=DDKZ202002002&v=MTI2MjIxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDNxVHJXTTFGckNVUjdxZlkrWnJGeW5uVXI3TElTbkFkTEc0SE5ITXJZOUZab1I4ZVg=
  122. Shi Y, Fu JH, Wang LS, Yang J, Du LZ, Zhou WH. [Novel Coronavirus Infection Prevention and Control Plan for Newborns in Perinatal Period (First Edition)]. Chin J Contemp Pediatr. 2020;22(02):87-90. Chinese. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDAUTO&filename=DDKZ202002001&v=MTkyMjdTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVI3cWZZK1pyRnlublZiekpJU25BZExHNEhOSE1yWTlGWllSOGVYMUx1eFk=
  123. Peng X, Hu Y, Yao JH, Liu W, Li C, Zhang X, et al. [Emergency nursing management for the prevention of novel coronavirus infection in oral and maxillofacial surgery]. Nursing Research. 2020;34(03):365-367. Chinese. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDAUTO&filename=SXHZ202003002&v=MTM5OTNJOUZab1I4ZVgxTHV4WVM3RGgxVDNxVHJXTTFGckNVUjdxZlkrWnJGeW5nVTd6T05qWERkTEc0SE5ITXI=
  124. Chen T, Chen G, Guo W, Xie M, Ma K, Yan L, et al. [A quick guide to diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia with novel coronavirus infections (Third Edition)]. Herald of Medicine. 2020;39(03):305-307. Chinese. Available from: http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1293.r.20200130.1803.002.html
  125. Chen ZM, Fu JF, Shu Q, Chen YH, Hua CZ, Li FB, et al. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. World J Pediatr. 2020;5.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5  PMID: 32026148 
  126. Wang XY, Wu J, Lu XH, Zhang RF, Zhou Y, Li LY, et al. [Recommended strategies for maternal management of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection in Henan Province]. Herald of Medicine. 2020;55(02):200-202. Chinese. Available from: https://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/41.1340.r.20200328.1323.012.html
  127. Fudan University. [Quick screening and management of children with suspected or confirmed COVID-19: A rapid advice guideline]. Herald of Medicine. 2020;15(01):1-4. Chinese. Available from: http://www.cjebp.net/CN/Y2020/V15/I1/1
  128. Wang YT, Huang WZ, Song JJ, Li SY, Wang YN, Du LY, et al. [Graded personal protection plan for prevention of novel coronavirus pneumonia in medial personnel in West China Hospital]. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2020;20(03):369-372. Chinese. Available from: http://www.cjebm.com/article/10.7507/1672-2531.202001120
  129. Schünemann HJ, Hill SR, Kakad M, Vist GE, Bellamy R, Stockman L, et al. Transparent development of the WHO rapid advice guidelines. PLoS Med. 2007;4(5):e119.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040119  PMID: 17535099 
  130. Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). CDNA National Guidelines for Public Health Units. Canberra: CDNA. [Accessed 7 Feb 2020]. Available from: https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cdna-song-novel-coronavirus.htm
  131. Cochrane Network. Living mapping and living network meta-analysis of Covid-19 studies. [Accessed 14 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://covid-nma.com/
  132. Rawlinson C, Bloom T. New preprint server for medical research. BMJ. 2019;365:l2301.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2301  PMID: 31167753 
  133. Johansson MA, Reich NG, Meyers LA, Lipsitch M. Preprints: An underutilized mechanism to accelerate outbreak science. PLoS Med. 2018;15(4):e1002549.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002549  PMID: 29614073 
  134. Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines/Board on Health Care Services/Institute of Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines we can trust. Washington: The National Academies Press; 2011. Available from: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13058/clinical-practice-guidelines-we-can-trust
  135. Garritty CM, Norris SL, Moher D. Developing WHO rapid advice guidelines in the setting of a public health emergency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017;82:47-60.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.08.010  PMID: 27591906 
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.15.2000125
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary data

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error