1887
Rapid communication Open Access
Like 0

Abstract

In February 2015, an outbreak of recently acquired HIV infections among people who inject drugs (PWID) was identified in Dublin, following similar outbreaks in Greece and Romania in 2011. We compared drug and risk behaviours among 15 HIV cases and 39 controls. Injecting a synthetic cathinone, snow blow, was associated with recent HIV infection (AOR: 49; p = 0.003). Prevention and control efforts are underway among PWID in Dublin, but may also be needed elsewhere in Europe.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.40.30036
2015-10-08
2024-11-14
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.40.30036
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/20/40/eurosurv-20-30036-1.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.40.30036&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Glynn R, Giese C, Ennis O, Gibbons Z, O'Donnell K, Hurley C, et al. Increase in diagnoses of recently acquired HIV in people who inject drugs. Epi-Insight 2015 Jul;16(7). Available from: http://ndsc.newsweaver.ie/epiinsight/1bumldnml2k?a=1&p=48942718&t=17517774
  2. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP). Lisbon: EMCDDA. Sep 2015. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/alpha-pvp
  3. De Gascun CF, Waters A, Regan CM, O’Halloran J, Farrell G, Coughlan S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Ireland: phylogenetic evidence for risk group-specific subepidemics. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012;28(9):1073-81.  https://doi.org/10.1089/AID.2011.0301  PMID: 22176216 
  4. O’Byrne PM, Kavanagh PV, McNamara SM, Stokes SM. Screening of stimulants including designer drugs in urine using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry system. J Anal Toxicol. 2013;37(2):64-73. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks091  PMID: 23316030 
  5. McNamara S, Stokes S, Shine Á, Kilduff R, O’Byrne P. New Psychoactive Substances Prevalence in Samples Tested in the NDTC Laboratory 2010-2015, Poster presented at European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) Drugs Conference 2015 (5th - 8th May 2015) in Dublin Castle, HSE National Drug Treatment Centre, Dublin, Ireland.
  6. Van Hout MC, Bingham T. "A costly turn on": patterns of use and perceived consequences of mephedrone based head shop products amongst Irish injectors. Int J Drug Policy. 2012;23(3):188-97. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.01.008  PMID: 22342322 
  7. Aarde SM, Creehan KM, Vandewater SA, Dickerson TJ, Taffe MA. In vivo potency and efficacy of the novel cathinone α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone: self-administration and locomotor stimulation in male rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015;232(16):3045-55. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-3944-8  PMID: 25925780 
  8. Marusich JA, Antonazzo KR, Wiley JL, Blough BE, Partilla JS, Baumann MH. Pharmacology of novel synthetic stimulants structurally related to the "bath salts" constituent 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Neuropharmacology. 2014;87:206-13. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.02.016  PMID: 24594476 
  9. Cameron KN, Kolanos R, Solis E Jr, Glennon RA, De Felice LJ. Bath salts components mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) act synergistically at the human dopamine transporter. Br J Pharmacol. 2013;168(7):1750-7. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12061  PMID: 23170765 
  10. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). FACTSHEET: “New psychoactive substances”. VIENNA: UNODC. [Accessed 1 Oct 2015]. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/FACTSHEET_NPS.pdf
  11. Watterson LR, Watterson E, Olive MF. Abuse liability of novel ‘legal high’ designer stimulants: evidence from animal models. Behav Pharmacol. 2013;24(5-6):341-55. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.1097/FBP.0b013e3283641ec8  PMID: 23839028 
  12. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Perspective on drugs. Injection of synthetic cathinones. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2014 May 27. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cathinones-injection
  13. An Garda Síochána. Annual Report of An Garda Síochána 2013. Dublin: An Garda Síochána. [Accessed: 1 Oct 2015]. Available from: http://www.garda.ie/Documents/User/Annual%20Report%202013%20-%20English.pdf
  14. Sypsa V, Paraskevis D, Malliori M, Nikolopoulos GK, Panopoulos A, Kantzanou M, et al. Homelessness and Other Risk Factors for HIV Infection in the Current Outbreak Among Injection Drug Users in Athens, Greece. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(1):196-204. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301656  PMID: 24524508 
  15. Barry J. Personal communication, Central Methadone Treatment List.
  16. Dublin Region Homeless Executive. Performance Report 2015 relating to the protocol governing delegation of section 10 funding for homeless services to Dublin City Council, Q2 2015. Dublin: Dublin Region Homeless Executive. [Accessed 1 Oct 2015]. Available from: http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/Housing/FileDownLoad,42531,en.pdf
  17. Hedrich D, Kalamara E, Sfetcu O, Pharris A, Noor A, Wiessing L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs: is risk increasing in Europe? Euro Surveill. 2013;18(48):20648. Available from:  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.48.20648  PMID: 24308980 
  18. Scotland HP. (HPS). Weekly Report News. Warning to drug injectors as HIV infections rise. Glasgow: HPS. 30 Jun 2015. Available from: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/bbvsti/wrdetail.aspx?id=64359&wrtype=2#
  19. Katchman E, Savyon M, Chemtob D, Avidor B, Mor O, Wasserman A, et al. An outbreak of primary HIV infection among injecting drug users in Tel Aviv, Israel, associated with changes in illicit drug use practices. 14th European AIDS Conference, Brussels. 2013.
  20. Conrad C, Bradley HM, Broz D, Buddha S, Chapman EL, Galang RR, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Community Outbreak of HIV Infection Linked to Injection Drug Use of Oxymorphone--Indiana, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(16):443-4. PMID: 25928470 
  21. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) / European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Thematic report: People who inject drugs. Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Figh HIVH/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2014 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC; Sep 2015. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/dublin-declaration-people-who-inject-drugs.pdf
  22. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) / European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Prevention and control of infectious diseases among people who inject drugs. Stockholm: ECDC; Oct 2011. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/111012_Guidance_ECDC-EMCDDA.pdf
  23. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Drug-related infectious diseases in Europe: update from the EMCDDA expert network. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 2015. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_242420_EN_TD0215722ENN.pdf
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.40.30036
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error