1887
  1. Home
  2. Eurosurveillance
  3. Volume 27, Issue 14, 07/Apr/2022
  4. Article
Research Open Access
Like 0
Download

Abstract

Background

To inform prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), we need reliable prevalence estimates.

Aim

One objective of the Slovenian National Survey of Sexual Lifestyles, Attitudes and Health was to estimate the prevalence of STIs with , , and .

Methods

Data were collected between October 2016 and July 2017 in a probability sample of the general population aged 18–49 years. Computer-assisted face-to-face interviewing and self-completion of questionnaires were used. Respondents were invited to provide urine samples to be tested for STIs.

Results

Of 1,929 survey participants, 1,087 individuals provided urine samples which were tested confidentially for and a subset (n = 1,023) were tested anonymously for the other STIs. The prevalence of was 0.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1–1.8) in men and 1.7% (95% CI: 0.9–3.2) in women. Age-specific prevalence was the highest among individuals aged 18–24 years, 2.8% (95% CI: 0.7–10.6) in men and 4.7% (95% CI: 1.7–12.3) in women. was not detected. Prevalence of was 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1–2.2) in men and 0.3% (95% CI: 0.1–1.1) in women; the highest prevalence was among men aged 25–34 years (1.1%; 95% CI: 0.2–7.5) and women aged 35–49 years (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.1–2.0). was detected in the sample from one woman (0.2%; 95% CI: 0.1–1.2).

Conclusion

The substantial prevalence of among young adults suggests gaps in testing, diagnosis and treatment.

© Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100284
2022-04-07
2024-12-26
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100284
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/27/14/eurosurv-27-14-4.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100284&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021. Geneva: WHO; 2016. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246296/WHO-RHR-16.09-eng.pdf;jsessionid=60D334E923BFAEB05C3DD5750B2C8AAF?sequence=1
  2. Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E, Low N, Unemo M, Abu-Raddad LJ, et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(8):548-562P.  https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.18.228486  PMID: 31384073 
  3. Sonnenberg P, Clifton S, Beddows S, Field N, Soldan K, Tanton C, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and uptake of interventions for sexually transmitted infections in Britain: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal). Lancet. 2013;382(9907):1795-806.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61947-9  PMID: 24286785 
  4. Field N, Clifton S, Alexander S, Ison CA, Khanom R, Saunders P, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection is uncommon in the British general population: implications for clinical testing and public health screening. Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94(3):226-9.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052660  PMID: 27686884 
  5. Nacionalni inštitut za javno zdravje (NIJZ) (National Institute of Public Health). Spolno prenesene okužbe v Sloveniji: letno poročilo 2018. [Sexually transmitted infections in Slovenia: annual report 2018]. Ljubljana: NIJZ; 2019. Slovenian. Available from: http://www.nijz.si/sl/epidemiolosko-spremljanje-nalezljivih-bolezni-letna-in-cetrtletna-porocila
  6. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Chlamydia infection - Annual epidemiological report for 2018. Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/chlamydia-infection-annual-epidemiological-report-2018
  7. Kustec T, Keše D, Klavs I. Under-reporting of sexually transmitted infection with chlamydia trachomatis - a revision of surveillance system is required. Zdr Varst. 2016;55(3):174-8.  https://doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2016-0022  PMID: 27703536 
  8. Klavs I, Rodrigues LC, Wellings K, Keše D, Hayes R. Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the general population of Slovenia: serious gaps in control. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80(2):121-3.  https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2003.005900  PMID: 15054174 
  9. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Gonorrhoea - Annual epidemiological report for 2018. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/gonorrhoea-annual-epidemiological-report-2018
  10. Wisniewski CA, White JA, Michel CE, Mahilum-Tapay L, Magbanua JP, Nadala EC Jr, et al. Optimal method of collection of first-void urine for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(4):1466-9.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02241-07  PMID: 18234860 
  11. Golle A. The use of quantitative PCR method for diagnostic of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. [Msc thesis]. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana; 2013.
  12. Sonnenberg P, Ison CA, Clifton S, Field N, Tanton C, Soldan K, et al. Epidemiology of Mycoplasma genitalium in British men and women aged 16–44 years: evidence from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(6):1982-94.  https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv194  PMID: 26534946 
  13. Lanjouw E, Ouburg S, de Vries HJ, Stary A, Radcliffe K, Unemo M. 2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(5):333-48.  https://doi.org/10.1177/0956462415618837  PMID: 26608577 
  14. Public Health England (PHE now UK Health Security Agency). National chlamydia screening programme standards (7th Edition). London: PHE; 2018. Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/759846/NCSP_Standards_7th_edition_update_November_2018.pdf
  15. LeFevre ML, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Chlamydia and gonorrhea: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(12):902-10.  https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-1981  PMID: 25243785 
  16. Workowski KA, Bolan GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(RR-03):1-137. PMID: 26042815 
  17. Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). Canadian guidelines on sexually transmitted infections. Ottawa: PHAC. [Accessed: 14 Jul 2021]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/sexually-transmitted-infections.html
  18. Unemo M, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS, de Vries HJC, Francis SC, Mabey D, et al. Sexually transmitted infections: challenges ahead. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(8):e235-79.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30310-9  PMID: 28701272 
  19. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Chlamydia control in Europe: literature review. Stockholm: ECDC; 2014. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/chlamydia-control-europe.pdf
  20. Marcus U, Hickson F, Weatherburn P, Schmidt AJ, EMIS Network. Estimating the size of the MSM populations for 38 European countries by calculating the survey-surveillance discrepancies (SSD) between self-reported new HIV diagnoses from the European MSM internet survey (EMIS) and surveillance-reported HIV diagnoses among MSM in 2009. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):919.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-919  PMID: 24088198 
  21. Jensen JS, Cusini M, Gomberg M, Moi H. 2016 European guideline on Mycoplasma genitalium infections. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30(10):1650-6.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13849  PMID: 27505296 
  22. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2018 – 2017 data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2018. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/386959/HIVAIDS-surveillance-in-Europe-2018.pdf
  23. Czerwinski M, Niedzwiedzka-Stadnik M, Zielicka-Hardy A, Tomusiak A, Sadkowska-Todys M, Zielinski A, et al. Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in young adults - a school-based bio-behavioural study in urban areas, Poland, 2012 to 2015. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(6):17-00087.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.6.17-00087  PMID: 29439753 
  24. Cassini A, Colzani E, Pini A, Mangen MJ, Plass D, McDonald SA, et al. Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(16):17-00454.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.16.17-00454  PMID: 29692315 
  25. Klavs I, Rodrigues LC, Wellings K, Keše D, Švab I. Feasibility of testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in a general population sexual behaviour survey in Slovenia. Int J STD AIDS. 2002;13(1_suppl) Suppl 2;5-8.  PMID: 12537716 
  26. Klavs I, Švab I. Slovenian national survey of sexual lifestyles, attitudes and health: preparatory work and feasibility study. Zdrav Var.2006;45(3):117-25.
  27. Klavs I, Keše D, Švab I. Slovene national survey of sexual lifestyles, attitudes and health, 1999-2001: data collection methods. Zdrav Var.2007;46(1):1-8.
  28. Field N, Tanton C, Mercer CH, Nicholson S, Soldan K, Beddows S, et al. Testing for sexually transmitted infections in a population-based sexual health survey: development of an acceptable ethical approach. J Med Ethics. 2012;38(6):380-2.  https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2011-100068  PMID: 22252417 
Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis: findings from the National Survey of Sexual Lifestyles, Attitudes and Health, Slovenia, 2016 to 2017
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Irena+Klavs&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Klavs Irena</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Maja+Milavec&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Milavec Maja</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Lina+Berlot&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Berlot Lina</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Tanja+Kustec&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Kustec Tanja</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Marta+Grgi%C4%8D-Vitek&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Grgič-Vitek Marta</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Darja+Lavtar&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Lavtar Darja</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Metka+Zaletel&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Zaletel Metka</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Andrej+Golle&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Golle Andrej</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Darja+Duh&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Duh Darja</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Tja%C5%A1a+%C5%BDohar+%C4%8Cretnik&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Žohar Čretnik Tjaša</a></span>. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis: findings from the National Survey of Sexual Lifestyles, Attitudes and Health, Slovenia, 2016 to 2017. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2022;27(14):pii=2100284. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100284" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100284</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 04 Mar 2021;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 23 Jul 2021 </span> </p>
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100284
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.14.2100284
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error