1887
  1. Home
  2. Eurosurveillance
  3. Volume 26, Issue 10, 11/Mar/2021
  4. Article
Review Open Access
Like 0
Download

Abstract

Background

Sensitive molecular diagnostics and correct test interpretation are crucial for accurate COVID-19 diagnosis and thereby essential for good clinical practice. Furthermore, they are a key factor in outbreak control where active case finding in combination with isolation and contact tracing are crucial.

Aim

With the objective to inform the public health and laboratory responses to the pandemic, we reviewed current published knowledge on the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection as assessed by RNA molecular detection in a wide range of clinical samples.

Methods

We performed an extensive search on studies published between 1 December 2019 and 15 May 2020, reporting on molecular detection and/or isolation of SARS-CoV-2 in any human laboratory specimen.

Results

We compiled a dataset of 264 studies including 32,515 COVID-19 cases, and additionally aggregated data points (n = 2,777) from sampling of 217 adults with known infection timeline. We summarised data on SARS-CoV-2 detection in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, blood, oral fluid, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid, semen, vaginal fluid; where provided, we also summarised specific observations on SARS-CoV-2 detection in pregnancy, infancy, children, adolescents and immunocompromised individuals.

Conclusion

Optimal SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing relies on choosing the most appropriate sample type, collected with adequate sampling technique, and with the infection timeline in mind. We outlined knowledge gaps and directions for future well-documented systematic studies.

© Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.10.2001134
2021-03-11
2024-11-23
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.10.2001134
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/26/10/eurosurv-26-10-4.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.10.2001134&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Tan W, Zhao X, Ma X, Wang W, Niu P, Xu W, et al. A novel coronavirus genome identified in a cluster of pneumonia cases—Wuhan, China 2019− 2020. China CDC Weekly.2020;2(4):61-2.  https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.017 
  2. World Health Organization (WHO). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Geneva: WHO; 2020. Updated 30 Jan 2020. [Accessed 07 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
  3. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [Accessed 9 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  4. Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(4):536-44.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z  PMID: 32123347 
  5. Cui J, Li F, Shi Z-L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(3):181-92.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9  PMID: 30531947 
  6. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [Accessed 01 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance
  7. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) R&D. Geneva: WHO; 2020. [Accessed 22 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus/en/
  8. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). SARS-COV-2 Diagnostic pipeline. Geneva: FIND; 2020. [Accessed 01 May 2020]. Available from: https://www.finddx.org/covid-19/pipeline/
  9. Chan JF-W, Yuan S, Kok K-H, To KK-W, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9  PMID: 31986261 
  10. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5  PMID: 31986264 
  11. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. , China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017  PMID: 31978945 
  12. Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT, Le HQ, et al. Importation and Human-to-Human Transmission of a Novel Coronavirus in Vietnam. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(9):872-4.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001272  PMID: 31991079 
  13. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-207.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316  PMID: 31995857 
  14. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7  PMID: 32007143 
  15. Kim JY, Choe PG, Oh Y, Oh KJ, Kim J, Park SJ, et al. The First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: Implication for Infection Prevention and Control Measures. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(5):e61.  https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e61  PMID: 32030925 
  16. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585  PMID: 32031570 
  17. Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Huang F, Wang F, Yuan J, et al. Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):364-74.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8  PMID: 32048163 
  18. Bastola A, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Lal BK, Jha R, Ojha HC, et al. The first 2019 novel coronavirus case in Nepal. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(3):279-80.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30067-0  PMID: 32057299 
  19. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-15.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3  PMID: 32151335 
  20. Pongpirul WA, Pongpirul K, Ratnarathon AC, Prasithsirikul W. Journey of a Thai Taxi Driver and Novel Coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(11):1067-8.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001621  PMID: 32050060 
  21. To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Yip CC, Chan K-H, Wu T-C, Chan JMC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):841-3.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149  PMID: 32047895 
  22. Xie X, Zhong Z, Zhao W, Zheng C, Wang F, Liu J. Chest CT for Typical Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia: Relationship to Negative RT-PCR Testing. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E41-5.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200343  PMID: 32049601 
  23. Bernard Stoecklin S, Rolland P, Silue Y, Mailles A, Campese C, Simondon A, et al. , Investigation Team. First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(6).  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000094  PMID: 32070465 
  24. Silverstein WK, Stroud L, Cleghorn GE, Leis JA. First imported case of 2019 novel coronavirus in Canada, presenting as mild pneumonia. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):734.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30370-6  PMID: 32061312 
  25. Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY, Kim MJ, Seong YM, Lee WJ, et al. Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea: the Application of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT-PCR. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(6):e79.  https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e79  PMID: 32056407 
  26. Yang Y, Yang M, Shen C, Wang F, Yuan J, Li J, et al. Evaluating the accuracy of different respiratory specimens in the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring the viral shedding of 2019-nCoV infections. medRxiv. 2020:2020.02.11.20021493.
  27. Zhang W, Du R-H, Li B, Zheng X-S, Yang X-L, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):386-9.  https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071  PMID: 32065057 
  28. Yu P, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Han Y. A familial cluster of infection associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating potential person-to-person transmission during the incubation period. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1757-61.  https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa077  PMID: 32067043 
  29. Han W, Quan B, Guo Y, Zhang J, Lu Y, Feng G, et al. The course of clinical diagnosis and treatment of a case infected with coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):461-3.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25711  PMID: 32073161 
  30. Huang WH, Teng LC, Yeh TK, Chen YJ, Lo WJ, Wu MJ, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Taiwan: Reports of two cases from Wuhan, China. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):481-4.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.009  PMID: 32111449 
  31. Pan X, Chen D, Xia Y, Wu X, Li T, Ou X, et al. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):410-1.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30114-6  PMID: 32087116 
  32. Xu X-W, Wu X-X, Jiang X-G, Xu K-J, Ying L-J, Ma C-L, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020;368:m606.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m606  PMID: 32075786 
  33. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YD, Yang YB, Yan YQ, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1730-41.  https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14238  PMID: 32077115 
  34. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1177-9.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001737  PMID: 32074444 
  35. Hao W, Li M, Huang X. First atypical case of 2019 novel coronavirus in Yan’an, China. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(7):952-3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.011  PMID: 32087323 
  36. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin D-Y, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(14):1406-7.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2565  PMID: 32083643 
  37. Chen D, Xu W, Lei Z, Huang Z, Liu J, Gao Z, et al. Recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19: A case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;93:297-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.003  PMID: 32147538 
  38. Hao W, Li M. Clinical features of atypical 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia with an initially negative RT-PCR assay. J Infect. 2020;80(6):671-93.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.008  PMID: 32092387 
  39. Kim JY, Ko JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Kim JM, Chung YS, et al. Viral Load Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in First Two Patients in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(7):e86.  https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e86  PMID: 32080991 
  40. Pan Y, Zhang D, Yang P, Poon LLM, Wang Q. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):411-2.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4  PMID: 32105638 
  41. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, Zhan C, Chen C, Lv W, et al. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E32-40.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642  PMID: 32101510 
  42. Chen W, Lan Y, Yuan X, Deng X, Li Y, Cai X, et al. Detectable 2019-nCoV viral RNA in blood is a strong indicator for the further clinical severity. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):469-73.  https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1732837  PMID: 32102625 
  43. Cheng S-C, Chang Y-C, Fan Chiang Y-L, Chien Y-C, Cheng M, Yang C-H, et al. First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(3):747-51.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.02.007  PMID: 32113824 
  44. Winichakoon P, Chaiwarith R, Liwsrisakun C, Salee P, Goonna A, Limsukon A, et al. Negative Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Swabs Do Not Rule Out COVID-19. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(5):e00297-20.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00297-20  PMID: 32102856 
  45. Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):589-94.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25725  PMID: 32100876 
  46. Lan L, Xu D, Ye G, Xia C, Wang S, Li Y, et al. Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1502-3.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2783  PMID: 32105304 
  47. Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, Chen K, Kang X, Xiang Z, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect. 2020;80(4):401-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.018  PMID: 32112886 
  48. Xie C, Jiang L, Huang G, Pu H, Gong B, Lin H, et al. Comparison of different samples for 2019 novel coronavirus detection by nucleic acid amplification tests. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;93:264-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.050  PMID: 32114193 
  49. Jiehao C, Jin X, Daojiong L, Zhi Y, Lei X, Zhenghai Q, et al. A Case Series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(6):1547-51.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa198  PMID: 32112072 
  50. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, et al. , China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032  PMID: 32109013 
  51. Kam K-Q, Yung CF, Cui L, Tzer Pin Lin R, Mak TM, Maiwald M, et al. A Well Infant With Coronavirus Disease 2019 With High Viral Load. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):847-9.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa201  PMID: 32112082 
  52. Lillie PJ, Samson A, Li A, Adams K, Capstick R, Barlow GD, et al. Novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19): The first two patients in the UK with person to person transmission. J Infect. 2020;80(5):578-606.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.020  PMID: 32119884 
  53. Ling Y, Xu S-B, Lin Y-X, Tian D, Zhu Z-Q, Dai F-H, et al. Persistence and clearance of viral RNA in 2019 novel coronavirus disease rehabilitation patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1039-43.  https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000774  PMID: 32118639 
  54. Wang X, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Zhu F, Tang Y, Shen X. A Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in a Pregnant Woman With Preterm Delivery. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):844-6.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa200  PMID: 32119083 
  55. Xu X, Yu C, Qu J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Huang D, et al. Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2020;47(5):1275-80.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-04735-9  PMID: 32107577 
  56. Wu J, Liu J, Zhao X, Liu C, Wang W, Wang D, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Imported Cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Jiangsu Province: A Multicenter Descriptive Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):706-12.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa199  PMID: 32109279 
  57. Chen S, Huang B, Luo DJ, Li X, Yang F, Zhao Y, et al. [Pregnancy with new coronavirus infection: clinical characteristics and placental pathological analysis of three cases]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020;49(5):418-23. PMID: 32114744 
  58. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for Gastrointestinal Infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1831-1833.e3.  https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.055  PMID: 32142773 
  59. Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, et al. , Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team. Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1488-94.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3204  PMID: 32125362 
  60. Zhang J, Wang S, Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):680-2.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25742  PMID: 32124995 
  61. Hu Z, Song C, Xu C, Jin G, Chen Y, Xu X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing, China. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(5):706-11.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1661-4  PMID: 32146694 
  62. Cheng VCC, Wong S-C, Chen JHK, Yip CCY, Chuang VWM, Tsang OTY, et al. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(5):493-8.  https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.58  PMID: 32131908 
  63. Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. , Washington State 2019-nCoV Case Investigation Team. First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):929-36.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001191  PMID: 32004427 
  64. Li Y, Zhao R, Zheng S, Chen X, Wang J, Sheng X, et al. Lack of Vertical Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1335-6.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200287  PMID: 32134381 
  65. Lin D, Liu L, Zhang M, Hu Y, Yang Q, Guo J, et al. Co-infections of SARS-CoV-2 with multiple common respiratory pathogens in infected patients. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(4):606-9.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1668-5  PMID: 32170625 
  66. Liu Y, Chen H, Tang K, Guo Y. Clinical manifestations and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. J Infect. 2020. Epub ahead of print.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.028  PMID: 32145216 
  67. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970-1.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001468  PMID: 32003551 
  68. Xia W, Shao J, Guo Y, Peng X, Li Z, Hu D. Clinical and CT features in pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection: Different points from adults. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(5):1169-74.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.24718  PMID: 32134205 
  69. Arashiro T, Furukawa K, Nakamura A. COVID-19 in 2 Persons with Mild Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms on a Cruise Ship, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1345-8.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200452  PMID: 32118533 
  70. Luo S-H, Liu W, Liu Z-J, Zheng X-Y, Hong C-X, Liu Z-R, et al. A confirmed asymptomatic carrier of 2019 novel coronavirus. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1123-5.  https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000798  PMID: 32149768 
  71. Liu R, Han H, Liu F, Lv Z, Wu K, Liu Y, et al. Positive rate of RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 4880 cases from one hospital in Wuhan, China, from Jan to Feb 2020. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;505:172-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.03.009  PMID: 32156607 
  72. Marchand-Senécal X, Kozak R, Mubareka S, Salt N, Gubbay JB, Eshaghi A, et al. Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons Applied From SARS-CoV-1. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2207-10.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa227  PMID: 32147731 
  73. Shen Z, Xiao Y, Kang L, Ma W, Shi L, Zhang L, et al. Genomic Diversity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):713-20.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa203  PMID: 32129843 
  74. Tong Z-D, Tang A, Li K-F, Li P, Wang H-L, Yi J-P, et al. Potential Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Zhejiang Province, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(5):1052-4.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.200198  PMID: 32091386 
  75. Chen J, Qi T, Liu L, Ling Y, Qian Z, Li T, et al. Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e1-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.004  PMID: 32171869 
  76. Harcourt J, Tamin A, Lu X, Kamili S, Sakthivel SK, Murray J, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with Coronavirus Disease, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1266-73.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200516  PMID: 32160149 
  77. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843-4.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.3786  PMID: 32159775 
  78. Wu X, Cai Y, Huang X, Yu X, Zhao L, Wang F, et al. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus in Patient with Pneumonia, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1324-6.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200299  PMID: 32160148 
  79. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3  PMID: 32171076 
  80. Zhu F, Cao Y, Xu S, Zhou M. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV in a patient in Wuhan city, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):529-30.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25732  PMID: 32160316 
  81. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C, Peng S, Zhang L, Chang G, et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. 2020;9(1):51-60.  https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2020.02.06  PMID: 32154135 
  82. Cai J, Sun W, Huang J, Gamber M, Wu J, He G. Indirect Virus Transmission in Cluster of COVID-19 Cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1343-5.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2606.200412  PMID: 32163030 
  83. Chen Q, Quan B, Li X, Gao G, Zheng W, Zhang J, et al. A report of clinical diagnosis and treatment of nine cases of coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):683-7.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25755  PMID: 32162699 
  84. Wang S, Guo L, Chen L, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhang J, et al. A Case Report of Neonatal 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):853-7.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa225  PMID: 32161941 
  85. Xing Y, Mo P, Xiao Y, Zhao O, Zhang Y, Wang F. Post-discharge surveillance and positive virus detection in two medical staff recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China, January to February 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(10):2000191.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000191  PMID: 32183934 
  86. Xu Y, Li X, Zhu B, Liang H, Fang C, Gong Y, et al. Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):502-5.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0817-4  PMID: 32284613 
  87. Ji L-N, Chao S, Wang Y-J, Li X-J, Mu X-D, Lin M-G, et al. Clinical features of pediatric patients with COVID-19: a report of two family cluster cases. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3):267-70.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00356-2  PMID: 32180140 
  88. Mo P, Xing Y, Xiao Y, Deng L, Zhao Q, Wang H, et al. Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020.ciaa270.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa270  PMID: 32173725 
  89. Park JY, Han MS, Park KU, Kim JY, Choi EH. First Pediatric Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(11):e124.  https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e124  PMID: 32193905 
  90. Pung R, Chiew CJ, Young BE, Chin S, Chen MIC, Clapham HE, et al. , Singapore 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research Team. Investigation of three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore: implications for surveillance and response measures. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1039-46.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30528-6  PMID: 32192580 
  91. Cui Y, Tian M, Huang D, Wang X, Huang Y, Fan L, et al. A 55-Day-Old Female Infant Infected With 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease: Presenting With Pneumonia, Liver Injury, and Heart Damage. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1775-81.  https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa113  PMID: 32179908 
  92. Fan C, Lei D, Fang C, Li C, Wang M, Liu Y, et al. Perinatal Transmission of 2019 Coronavirus Disease–Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Should We Worry? Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa226.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa226  PMID: 32182347 
  93. Fan Q, Pan Y, Wu Q, Liu S, Song X, Xie Z, et al. Anal swab findings in an infant with COVID-19. Pediatr Investig. 2020;4(1):48-50.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ped4.12186  PMID: 32328338 
  94. Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu L, Wang X, Luo N, Li L. Clinical Outcomes in 55 Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Who Were Asymptomatic at Hospital Admission in Shenzhen, China. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(11):1770-4.  https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa119  PMID: 32179910 
  95. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. , Chinese Pediatric Novel Coronavirus Study Team. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1663-5.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2005073  PMID: 32187458 
  96. Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of 21 Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 in Washington State. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612-4.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4326  PMID: 32191259 
  97. Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, Li X, Deng X, Geng Z, et al. Detection of 2019-nCoV in Saliva and Characterization of Oral Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients. Preprint. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2020.
  98. Haveri A, Smura T, Kuivanen S, Österlund P, Hepojoki J, Ikonen N, et al. Serological and molecular findings during SARS-CoV-2 infection: the first case study in Finland, January to February 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(11):2000266.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.11.2000266  PMID: 32209163 
  99. Liu Y, Yan L-M, Wan L, Xiang T-X, Le A, Liu J-M, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):656-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30232-2  PMID: 32199493 
  100. Ma X, Su L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Gai Z, Zhang Z. Do children need a longer time to shed SARS-CoV-2 in stool than adults? J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):373-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.010  PMID: 32224116 
  101. Sun D, Li H, Lu X-X, Xiao H, Ren J, Zhang F-R, et al. Clinical features of severe pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan: a single center’s observational study. World J Pediatr. 2020;16(3):251-9.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00354-4  PMID: 32193831 
  102. Wu Y, Guo C, Tang L, Hong Z, Zhou J, Dong X, et al. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):434-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2  PMID: 32199469 
  103. Guillen E, Pineiro GJ, Revuelta I, Rodriguez D, Bodro M, Moreno A, et al. Case report of COVID-19 in a kidney transplant recipient: Does immunosuppression alter the clinical presentation? Am J Transplant. 2020;20(7):1875-8.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15874  PMID: 32198834 
  104. Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e14-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.001  PMID: 32171867 
  105. Fang Z, Zhang Y, Hang C, Ai J, Li S, Zhang W. Comparisons of viral shedding time of SARS-CoV-2 of different samples in ICU and non-ICU patients. J Infect. 2020;81(1):147-78.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.013  PMID: 32209381 
  106. Liu H, Liu F, Li J, Zhang T, Wang D, Lan W. Clinical and CT imaging features of the COVID-19 pneumonia: Focus on pregnant women and children. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e7-13.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.007  PMID: 32171865 
  107. Chang D, Mo G, Yuan X, Tao Y, Peng X, Wang FS, et al. Time Kinetics of Viral Clearance and Resolution of Symptoms in Novel Coronavirus Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(9):1150-2.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0524LE  PMID: 32200654 
  108. Le HT, Nguyen LV, Tran DM, Do HT, Tran HT, Le YT, et al. The first infant case of COVID-19 acquired from a secondary transmission in Vietnam. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(5):405-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30091-2  PMID: 32213326 
  109. To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Leung W-S, Tam AR, Wu T-C, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565-74.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1  PMID: 32213337 
  110. Jin X, Lian J-S, Hu J-H, Gao J, Zheng L, Zhang Y-M, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut. 2020;69(6):1002-9.  https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320926  PMID: 32213556 
  111. Seah IYJ, Anderson DE, Kang AEZ, Wang L, Rao P, Young BE, et al. Assessing Viral Shedding and Infectivity of Tears in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients. Ophthalmology. 2020;127(7):977-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.03.026  PMID: 32291098 
  112. Zheng F, Liao C, Fan QH, Chen HB, Zhao XG, Xie ZG, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China. Curr Med Sci. 2020;40(2):275-80.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-020-2172-6  PMID: 32207032 
  113. Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Analysis of Epidemiological and Clinical Features in Older Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outside Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):740-7.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa242  PMID: 32211844 
  114. Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):689-96.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5  PMID: 32220650 
  115. Dong L, Tian J, He S, Zhu C, Wang J, Liu C, et al. Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1846-8.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4621  PMID: 32215581 
  116. Hoehl S, Rabenau H, Berger A, Kortenbusch M, Cinatl J, Bojkova D, et al. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Returning Travelers from Wuhan, China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1278-80.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001899  PMID: 32069388 
  117. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Sutjipto S, Chia PY, Young BE, Gum M, et al. Absence of contamination of personal protective equipment (PPE) by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(5):614-6.  https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.91  PMID: 32213231 
  118. Zeng H, Xu C, Fan J, Tang Y, Deng Q, Zhang W, et al. Antibodies in Infants Born to Mothers With COVID-19 Pneumonia. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1848-9.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4861  PMID: 32215589 
  119. Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, James A, Taylor J, Spicer K, et al. , Public Health – Seattle & King County, CDC COVID-19 Investigation Team. Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(13):377-81.  https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6913e1  PMID: 32240128 
  120. Lescure F-X, Bouadma L, Nguyen D, Parisey M, Wicky P-H, Behillil S, et al. Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(6):697-706.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30200-0  PMID: 32224310 
  121. Xing Y-H, Ni W, Wu Q, Li W-J, Li G-J, Wang W-D, et al. Prolonged viral shedding in feces of pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(3):473-80.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.021  PMID: 32276848 
  122. Yu F, Yan L, Wang N, Yang S, Wang L, Tang Y, et al. Quantitative Detection and Viral Load Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Infected Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):793-8.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa345  PMID: 32221523 
  123. Zhou X, Li Y, Li T, Zhang W. Follow-up of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(7):957-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.024  PMID: 32234453 
  124. Chu J, Yang N, Wei Y, Yue H, Zhang F, Zhao J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 54 medical staff with COVID-19: A retrospective study in a single center in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):807-13.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25793  PMID: 32222986 
  125. Yuan J, Zou R, Zeng L, Kou S, Lan J, Li X, et al. The correlation between viral clearance and biochemical outcomes of 94 COVID-19 infected discharged patients. Inflamm Res. 2020;69(6):599-606.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-020-01342-0  PMID: 32227274 
  126. Zhang T, Cui X, Zhao X, Wang J, Zheng J, Zheng G, et al. Detectable SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in feces of three children during recovery period of COVID-19 pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):909-14.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25795  PMID: 32222992 
  127. Li C, Ji F, Wang L, Wang L, Hao J, Dai M, et al. Asymptomatic and Human-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a 2-Family Cluster, Xuzhou, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(7):1626-8.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200718  PMID: 32228809 
  128. Poyiadji N, Shahin G, Noujaim D, Stone M, Patel S, Griffith B. COVID-19-associated Acute Hemorrhagic Necrotizing Encephalopathy: Imaging Features. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E119-20.  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201187  PMID: 32228363 
  129. Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Yan S, Li D, Li Y, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China. Am J Nephrol. 2020;51(5):343-8.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000507471  PMID: 32229732 
  130. Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang L, et al. Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(5):575-8.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291  PMID: 32232433 
  131. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Müller MA, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581(7809):465-9.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x  PMID: 32235945 
  132. Cao J, Tu W-J, Cheng W, Yu L, Liu Y-K, Hu X, et al. Clinical Features and Short-term Outcomes of 102 Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):748-55.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa243  PMID: 32239127 
  133. Qiu L, Liu X, Xiao M, Xie J, Cao W, Liu Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Is Not Detectable in the Vaginal Fluid of Women With Severe COVID-19 Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):813-7.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa375  PMID: 32241022 
  134. Scott SE, Zabel K, Collins J, Hobbs KC, Kretschmer MJ, Lach M, et al. , Maricopa County COVID-19 Case Investigation Team. First Mildly Ill, Nonhospitalized Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Without Viral Transmission in the United States-Maricopa County, Arizona, 2020. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):807-12.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa374  PMID: 32240285 
  135. Stefanelli P, Faggioni G, Lo Presti A, Fiore S, Marchi A, Benedetti E, et al. , On Behalf Of Iss Covid-Study Group. Whole genome and phylogenetic analysis of two SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated in Italy in January and February 2020: additional clues on multiple introductions and further circulation in Europe. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(13):2000305.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.13.2000305  PMID: 32265007 
  136. Beerkens F, John M, Puliafito B, Corbett V, Edwards C, Tremblay D. COVID-19 pneumonia as a cause of acute chest syndrome in an adult sickle cell patient. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(7):E154-6.  https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25809  PMID: 32243621 
  137. Chen Y, Chen L, Deng Q, Zhang G, Wu K, Ni L, et al. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the feces of COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):833-40.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25825  PMID: 32243607 
  138. Moriguchi T, Harii N, Goto J, Harada D, Sugawara H, Takamino J, et al. A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:55-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062  PMID: 32251791 
  139. Wan R, Mao Z-Q, He L-Y, Hu Y-C, Wei-Chen. Evidence from two cases of asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2: Are 14 days of isolation sufficient? Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:174-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.041  PMID: 32251796 
  140. Wang X, Fang J, Zhu Y, Chen L, Ding F, Zhou R, et al. Clinical characteristics of non-critically ill patients with novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in a Fangcang Hospital. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(8):1063-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.032  PMID: 32251842 
  141. Lei S, Jiang F, Su W, Chen C, Chen J, Mei W, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries during the incubation period of COVID-19 infection. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;21:100331.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100331  PMID: 32292899 
  142. Wong SCY, Kwong RTS, Wu TC, Chan JWM, Chu MY, Lee SY, et al. Risk of nosocomial transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: an experience in a general ward setting in Hong Kong. J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(2):119-27.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.036  PMID: 32259546 
  143. Han YN, Feng ZW, Sun LN, Ren XX, Wang H, Xue YM, et al. A comparative-descriptive analysis of clinical characteristics in 2019-coronavirus-infected children and adults. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1596-602.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25835  PMID: 32249943 
  144. Chen D, Li Y, Deng X, Huang H, Ou X, Lin Y, et al. Four cases from a family cluster were diagnosed as COVID-19 after 14-day of quarantine period. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1748-52.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25849  PMID: 32270500 
  145. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20200702.  https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702  PMID: 32179660 
  146. Khan S, Jun L, Nawsherwan, Siddique R, Li Y, Han G, et al. Association of COVID-19 with pregnancy outcomes in health-care workers and general women. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(6):788-90.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.034  PMID: 32278081 
  147. Banerjee D, Popoola J, Shah S, Ster IC, Quan V, Phanish M. COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int. 2020;97(6):1076-82.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.018  PMID: 32354637 
  148. Guo W-L, Jiang Q, Ye F, Li S-Q, Hong C, Chen L-Y, et al. Effect of throat washings on detection of 2019 novel coronavirus. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1980-1.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa416  PMID: 32271374 
  149. Keeley AJ, Evans C, Colton H, Ankcorn M, Cope A, State A, et al. Roll-out of SARS-CoV-2 testing for healthcare workers at a large NHS Foundation Trust in the United Kingdom, March 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(14):2000433.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.14.2000433  PMID: 32290904 
  150. Xu K, Chen Y, Yuan J, Yi P, Ding C, Wu W, et al. Factors Associated With Prolonged Viral RNA Shedding in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):799-806.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa351  PMID: 32271376 
  151. Zhang G, Hu C, Luo L, Fang F, Chen Y, Li J, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 221 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104364.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104364  PMID: 32311650 
  152. Zhao J, Liao X, Wang H, Wei L, Xing M, Liu L, et al. Early Virus Clearance and Delayed Antibody Response in a Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With a History of Coinfection With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2233-5.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa408  PMID: 32270178 
  153. Du X, Yu X, Li Q, Li X, Qin T, Luo Q, et al. Duration for carrying SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients. J Infect. 2020;81(1):e78-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.053  PMID: 32283161 
  154. Feng Y, Ling Y, Bai T, Xie Y, Huang J, Li J, et al. COVID-19 with Different Severities: A Multicenter Study of Clinical Features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(11):1380-8.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202002-0445OC  PMID: 32275452 
  155. He G, Sun W, Fang P, Huang J, Gamber M, Cai J, et al. The clinical feature of silent infections of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in Wenzhou. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1761-3.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25861  PMID: 32275074 
  156. Huang L, Zhang X, Zhang X, Wei Z, Zhang L, Xu J, et al. Rapid asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 during the incubation period demonstrating strong infectivity in a cluster of youngsters aged 16-23 years outside Wuhan and characteristics of young patients with COVID-19: A prospective contact-tracing study. J Infect. 2020;80(6):e1-13.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.006  PMID: 32283156 
  157. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-90.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127  PMID: 32275288 
  158. Qian G-Q, Chen X-Q, Lv D-F, Ma AHY, Wang L-P, Yang N-B, et al. Duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding during COVID-19 infection. Infect Dis (Lond). 2020;52(7):511-2.  https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2020.1748705  PMID: 32275181 
  159. Xiong X, Wei H, Zhang Z, Chang J, Ma X, Gao X, et al. Vaginal delivery report of a healthy neonate born to a convalescent mother with COVID--19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1657-9.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25857  PMID: 32275072 
  160. Danis K, Epaulard O, Bénet T, Gaymard A, Campoy S, Botelho-Nevers E, et al. , Investigation Team. Cluster of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the French Alps, February 2020. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):825-32.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa424  PMID: 32277759 
  161. Xia XY, Wu J, Liu HL, Xia H, Jia B, Huang WX. Epidemiological and initial clinical characteristics of patients with family aggregation of COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104360.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104360  PMID: 32305025 
  162. Liu W, Wang J, Li W, Zhou Z, Liu S, Rong Z. Clinical characteristics of 19 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19. Front Med. 2020;14(2):193-8.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0772-y  PMID: 32285380 
  163. Sutton D, Fuchs K, D’Alton M, Goffman D. Universal Screening for SARS-CoV-2 in Women Admitted for Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2163-4.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009316  PMID: 32283004 
  164. Azzi L, Carcano G, Gianfagna F, Grossi P, Gasperina DD, Genoni A, et al. Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. J Infect. 2020;81(1):e45-50.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.005  PMID: 32298676 
  165. Chen J, Cheng X, Wang R, Zeng X. Computed tomography imaging of an HIV-infected patient with coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1774-6.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25879  PMID: 32285949 
  166. Chen J, Zhang Z-Z, Chen Y-K, Long Q-X, Tian W-G, Deng H-J, et al. The clinical and immunological features of pediatric COVID-19 patients in China. Genes Dis. 2020;7(4):535-41.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.03.008  PMID: 32363222 
  167. Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Jonsson H, Magnusson OT, Melsted P, Norddahl GL, et al. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic Population. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(24):2302-15.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2006100  PMID: 32289214 
  168. Liu J, Xiao Y, Shen Y, Shi C, Chen Y, Shi P, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR in anal from patients who have recovered from coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1769-71.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25875  PMID: 32285947 
  169. Blanco JL, Ambrosioni J, Garcia F, Martínez E, Soriano A, Mallolas J, et al. , COVID-19 in HIV Investigators. COVID-19 in patients with HIV: clinical case series. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(5):e314-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30111-9  PMID: 32304642 
  170. He X, Lau EHY, Wu P, Deng X, Wang J, Hao X, et al. Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):672-5.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5  PMID: 32296168 
  171. Hu Y, Shen L, Yao Y, Xu Z, Zhou J, Zhou H. A report of three COVID-19 cases with prolonged viral RNA detection in anal swabs. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(6):786-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.010  PMID: 32304746 
  172. Huang Y, Chen S, Yang Z, Guan W, Liu D, Lin Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Clinical Samples from Critically Ill Patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(11):1435-8.  https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202003-0572LE  PMID: 32293905 
  173. Lowe B, Bopp B. COVID-19 vaginal delivery - A case report. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;60(3):465-6.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.13173  PMID: 32294229 
  174. Sedaghat Z, Karimi N. Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: A case report. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;76:233-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.062  PMID: 32312628 
  175. Yang F, Shi S, Zhu J, Shi J, Dai K, Chen X. Analysis of 92 deceased patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2511-5.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25891  PMID: 32293741 
  176. Baettig SJ, Parini A, Cardona I, Morand GB. Case series of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in a military recruit school: clinical, sanitary and logistical implications. BMJ Mil Health. 2020:bmjmilitary-2020-001482.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001482  PMID: 32303575 
  177. Du W, Yu J, Wang H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Li Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China. Infection. 2020;48(3):445-52.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01427-2  PMID: 32301099 
  178. Han MS, Seong M-W, Heo EY, Park JH, Kim N, Shin S, et al. Sequential Analysis of Viral Load in a Neonate and Her Mother Infected With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16): 2236-9.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa447  PMID: 32297925 
  179. Iqbal SN, Overcash R, Mokhtari N, Saeed H, Gold S, Auguste T, et al. An Uncomplicated Delivery in a Patient with Covid-19 in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):e34.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2007605  PMID: 32237670 
  180. Lin C, Xiang J, Yan M, Li H, Huang S, Shen C. Comparison of throat swabs and sputum specimens for viral nucleic acid detection in 52 cases of novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2)-infected pneumonia (COVID-19). Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1089-94.  https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0187  PMID: 32301745 
  181. Song C, Wang Y, Li W, Hu B, Chen G, Xia P, et al. Absence of 2019 novel coronavirus in semen and testes of COVID-19 patients. Biol Reprod. 2020;103(1):4-6.  https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa050  PMID: 32297920 
  182. Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, Chen Y, Xiong J, Feng Y, et al. Detectable Serum Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viral Load (RNAemia) Is Closely Correlated With Drastically Elevated Interleukin 6 Level in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1937-42.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa449  PMID: 32301997 
  183. Li W, Zhang B, Lu J, Liu S, Chang Z, Peng C, et al. Characteristics of Household Transmission of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1943-6.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa450  PMID: 32301964 
  184. Paret M, Lighter J, Pellett Madan R, Raabe VN, Shust GF, Ratner AJ. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Febrile Infants Without Respiratory Distress. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16): 2243-5.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa452  PMID: 32301967 
  185. Toscano G, Palmerini F, Ravaglia S, Ruiz L, Invernizzi P, Cuzzoni MG, et al. Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(26):2574-6.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2009191  PMID: 32302082 
  186. Zhou B, She J, Wang Y, Ma X. Duration of Viral Shedding of Discharged Patients With Severe COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2240-2.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa451  PMID: 32302000 
  187. Xiao AT, Tong YX, Zhang S. Profile of RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary study from 56 COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2249-51.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa460  PMID: 32306036 
  188. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, Haberecker M, Andermatt R, Zinkernagel AS, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5  PMID: 32325026 
  189. Paniz-Mondolfi A, Bryce C, Grimes Z, Gordon RE, Reidy J, Lednicky J, et al. Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):699-702.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25915  PMID: 32314810 
  190. Williams E, Bond K, Zhang B, Putland M, Williamson DA. Saliva as a non-invasive specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(8):e00776-20.  https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00776-20  PMID: 32317257 
  191. Zheng S, Fan J, Yu F, Feng B, Lou B, Zou Q, et al. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1443.  https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1443  PMID: 32317267 
  192. Blasco ML, Buesa J, Colomina J, Forner MJ, Galindo MJ, Navarro J, et al. Co-detection of respiratory pathogens in patients hospitalized with Coronavirus viral disease-2019 pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1799-801.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25922  PMID: 32320082 
  193. Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. , the Northwell COVID-19 Research Consortium. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052-9.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6775  PMID: 32320003 
  194. Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, et al. Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs. medRxiv. 2020:2020.04.16.20067835.
  195. Colaneri M, Sacchi P, Zuccaro V, Biscarini S, Sachs M, Roda S, et al. , COVID19 IRCCS San Matteo Pavia Task Force. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) early findings from a teaching hospital in Pavia, North Italy, 21 to 28 February 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(16):2000460.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000460  PMID: 32347201 
  196. Liu J, Chen T, Yang H, Cai Y, Yu Q, Chen J, et al. Clinical and radiological changes of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia from disease onset to acute exacerbation: a multicentre paired cohort study. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(10):5702-8.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06916-4  PMID: 32385648 
  197. Paoli D, Pallotti F, Colangelo S, Basilico F, Mazzuti L, Turriziani O, et al. Study of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and urine samples of a volunteer with positive naso-pharyngeal swab. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43(12):1819-22.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01261-1  PMID: 32329026 
  198. Park SY, Kim Y-M, Yi S, Lee S, Na B-J, Kim CB, et al. Coronavirus Disease Outbreak in Call Center, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(8):1666-70.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201274  PMID: 32324530 
  199. Song R, Han B, Song M, Wang L, Conlon CP, Dong T, et al. Clinical and epidemiological features of COVID-19 family clusters in Beijing, China. J Infect. 2020;81(2):e26-30.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.018  PMID: 32335171 
  200. Tostmann A, Bradley J, Bousema T, Yiek W-K, Holwerda M, Bleeker-Rovers C, et al. Strong associations and moderate predictive value of early symptoms for SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among healthcare workers, the Netherlands, March 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(16):2000508.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.16.2000508  PMID: 32347200 
  201. Yan J, Guo J, Fan C, Juan J, Yu X, Li J, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women: a report based on 116 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(1):111.e1-14.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.014  PMID: 32335053 
  202. Yu X, Sun S, Shi Y, Wang H, Zhao R, Sheng J. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in sputum correlates with risk of COVID-19 progression. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):170.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02893-8  PMID: 32326952 
  203. Jiang X, Luo M, Zou Z, Wang X, Chen C, Qiu J. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected case with viral detection positive in stool but negative in nasopharyngeal samples lasts for 42 days. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1807-9.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25941  PMID: 32330309 
  204. Lu D, Sang L, Du S, Li T, Chang Y, Yang X-A. Asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in late pregnancy indicated no vertical transmission. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1660-4.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25927  PMID: 32330313 
  205. Luo Y, Trevathan E, Qian Z, Li Y, Li J, Xiao W, et al. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Household Contacts of a Healthcare Provider, Wuhan, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(8):1930-3.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201016  PMID: 32330112 
  206. Peng L, Liu J, Xu W, Luo Q, Chen D, Lei Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in urine, blood, anal swabs, and oropharyngeal swabs specimens. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1676-80.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25936  PMID: 32330305 
  207. Pereira MR, Mohan S, Cohen DJ, Husain SA, Dube GK, Ratner LE, et al. COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: Initial report from the US epicenter. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(7):1800-8.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15941  PMID: 32330343 
  208. Yang J-R, Deng D-T, Wu N, Yang B, Li H-J, Pan X-B. Persistent viral RNA positivity during the recovery period of a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1681-3.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25940  PMID: 32330293 
  209. Azzi L, Carcano G, Dalla Gasperina D, Sessa F, Maurino V, Baj A. Two cases of COVID-19 with positive salivary and negative pharyngeal or respiratory swabs at hospital discharge: A rising concern. Oral Dis. 2020;odi.13368.  https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13368  PMID: 32333518 
  210. Vintzileos WS, Muscat J, Hoffmann E, John NS, Vertichio R, Vintzileos AM, et al. Screening all pregnant women admitted to labor and delivery for the virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):284-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.024  PMID: 32348743 
  211. La Scola B, Le Bideau M, Andreani J, Hoang VT, Grimaldier C, Colson P, et al. Viral RNA load as determined by cell culture as a management tool for discharge of SARS-CoV-2 patients from infectious disease wards. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;39(6):1059-61.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-020-03913-9  PMID: 32342252 
  212. Schwierzeck V, König JC, Kühn J, Mellmann A, Correa-Martínez CL, Omran H, et al. First reported nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a pediatric dialysis unit. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa491. PMID: 32337584 
  213. Hantoushzadeh S, Shamshirsaz AA, Aleyasin A, Seferovic MD, Aski SK, Arian SE, et al. Maternal death due to COVID-19. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(1):109.e1-16.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.030  PMID: 32360108 
  214. Liu S-F, Kuo N-Y, Kuo H-C. Three Taiwan’s domestic family cluster infections of coronavirus disease 2019. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):2011-8.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25949  PMID: 32343428 
  215. Meng Y, Wu P, Lu W, Liu K, Ma K, Huang L, et al. Sex-specific clinical characteristics and prognosis of coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan, China: A retrospective study of 168 severe patients. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16(4):e1008520.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008520  PMID: 32343745 
  216. Potdar V, Cherian SS, Deshpande GR, Ullas PT, Yadav PD, Choudhary ML, et al. , National Influenza Centre (NIC) Team. Genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 strains among Indians returning from Italy, Iran & China, & Italian tourists in India. Indian J Med Res. 2020;151(2 & 3):255-60. PMID: 32362650 
  217. Sarkale P, Patil S, Yadav PD, Nyayanit DA, Sapkal G, Baradkar S, et al. First isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples in India. Indian J Med Res. 2020;151(2 & 3):244-50. PMID: 32362649 
  218. Altuntas Aydin O, Kumbasar Karaosmanoglu H, Kart Yasar K. HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfected patients in Istanbul, Turkey. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2288-90.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25955  PMID: 32347975 
  219. Nair V, Jandovitz N, Hirsch JS, Nair G, Abate M, Bhaskaran M, et al. COVID-19 in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(7):1819-25.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15967  PMID: 32351040 
  220. Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, Du R, Zhao J, Jin Y, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1569-78.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9  PMID: 32423584 
  221. Zhao X-Y, Xu X-X, Yin H-S, Hu Q-M, Xiong T, Tang Y-Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in a non-Wuhan area of Hubei Province, China: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):311.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05010-w  PMID: 32345226 
  222. Al Saiegh F, Ghosh R, Leibold A, Avery MB, Schmidt RF, Theofanis T, et al. Status of SARS-CoV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with COVID-19 and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(8):846-8.  https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323522  PMID: 32354770 
  223. Baud D, Greub G, Favre G, Gengler C, Jaton K, Dubruc E, et al. Second-Trimester Miscarriage in a Pregnant Woman With SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA. 2020;323(21):2198-200.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7233  PMID: 32352491 
  224. Kim GU, Kim MJ, Ra SH, Lee J, Bae S, Jung J, et al. Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(7):948.e1-3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.040  PMID: 32360780 
  225. Buonsenso D, Costa S, Sanguinetti M, Cattani P, Posteraro B, Marchetti S, et al. Neonatal Late Onset Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(08):869-72.  https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710541  PMID: 32359227 
  226. Cui P, Chen Z, Wang T, Dai J, Zhang J, Ding T, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection in the female lower genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(1):131-4.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.038  PMID: 32376320 
  227. Kim SE, Jeong HS, Yu Y, Shin SU, Kim S, Oh TH, et al. Viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic carriers and presymptomatic patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:441-3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.083  PMID: 32376309 
  228. Turner J, Eliot Hodgson L, Leckie T, Eade L, Ford-Dunn S. A Dual-Center Observational Review of Hospital-Based Palliative Care in Patients Dying With COVID-19. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(2):e75-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.031  PMID: 32387139 
  229. Zhang B, Liu S, Zhang J, Xiao J, Zhu S, Dong Y, et al. Children hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter retrospective descriptive study. J Infect. 2020;81(2):e74-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.045  PMID: 32387474 
  230. Bernard-Valnet R, Pizzarotti B, Anichini A, Demars Y, Russo E, Schmidhauser M, et al. Two patients with acute meningoencephalitis concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(9):e43-4.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14298  PMID: 32383343 
  231. Blitz MJ, Grünebaum A, Tekbali A, Bornstein E, Rochelson B, Nimaroff M, et al. Intensive care unit admissions for pregnant and nonpregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):290-1.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.004  PMID: 32387323 
  232. Coronado Munoz A, Nawaratne U, McMann D, Ellsworth M, Meliones J, Boukas K. Late-Onset Neonatal Sepsis in a Patient with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):e49.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2010614  PMID: 32320556 
  233. Garazzino S, Montagnani C, Donà D, Meini A, Felici E, Vergine G, et al. Multicentre Italian study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents, preliminary data as at 10 April 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(18):2000600.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.18.2000600  PMID: 32400362 
  234. Khalil A, Hill R, Ladhani S, Pattisson K, O’Brien P. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pregnancy: symptomatic pregnant women are only the tip of the iceberg. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):296-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.005  PMID: 32387327 
  235. Li D, Jin M, Bao P, Zhao W, Zhang S. Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e208292.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292  PMID: 32379329 
  236. Ma Y, Xu QN, Wang FL, Ma XM, Wang XY, Zhang XG, et al. Characteristics of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Jinan, China. Microbes Infect. 2020;22(4-5):212-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2020.04.011  PMID: 32387682 
  237. Mao LJ, Xu J, Xu ZH, Xia XP, Li B, He JG, et al. A child with household transmitted COVID-19. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):329.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05056-w  PMID: 32381073 
  238. Piersigilli F, Carkeek K, Hocq C, van Grambezen B, Hubinont C, Chatzis O, et al. COVID-19 in a 26-week preterm neonate. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(6):476-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30140-1  PMID: 32386562 
  239. De Maria A, Varese P, Dentone C, Barisione E, Bassetti M. High prevalence of olfactory and taste disorder during SARS-CoV-2 infection in outpatients. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2310-1.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25995  PMID: 32383174 
  240. Sun J, Xiao J, Sun R, Tang X, Liang C, Lin H, et al. Prolonged Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Body Fluids. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(8):1834-8.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201097  PMID: 32383638 
  241. Yokoo K, Sugaya F, Matsuzaka S, Ueda K, Kamimura R, Yokoyama T, et al. The first case of COVID-19 occurring as community-acquired pneumonia in Hokkaido, Japan and our preventive measures against nosocomial infection. Respir Med Case Rep. 2020;30:101078.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101078  PMID: 32391243 
  242. Ngaserin SH-N, Koh FH, Ong B-C, Chew M-H. COVID-19 not detected in peritoneal fluid: a case of laparoscopic appendicectomy for acute appendicitis in a COVID-19-infected patient. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2020;405(3):353-5.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-020-01891-2  PMID: 32385569 
  243. Ibrahim LF, Tosif S, McNab S, Hall S, Lee HJ, Lewena S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 testing and outcomes in the first 30 days after the first case of COVID-19 at an Australian children’s hospital. Emerg Med Australas. 2020;32(5):801-8.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13550  PMID: 32390285 
  244. Scheidl E, Canseco DD, Hadji-Naumov A, Bereznai B. Guillain-Barré syndrome during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A case report and review of recent literature. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2020;25(2):204-7.  https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12382  PMID: 32388880 
  245. Anand P, Slama MCC, Kaku M, Ong C, Cervantes-Arslanian AM, Zhou L, et al. COVID-19 in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2020;62(2):254-8.  https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.26918  PMID: 32392389 
  246. Cellina M, Orsi M, Toluian T, Valenti Pittino C, Oliva G. False negative chest X-Rays in patients affected by COVID-19 pneumonia and corresponding chest CT findings. Radiography (Lond). 2020;26(3):e189-94.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2020.04.017  PMID: 32423842 
  247. Dodi I, Castellone E, Pappalardo M, Rubini M, Veronese P, Ruberto C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children in Parma. Acta Biomed. 2020;91(2):214-5. PMID: 32420948 
  248. Rivett L, Sridhar S, Sparkes D, Routledge M, Jones NK, Forrest S, et al. , CITIID-NIHR COVID-19 BioResource Collaboration. Screening of healthcare workers for SARS-CoV-2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission. eLife. 2020;9:e58728.  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.58728  PMID: 32392129 
  249. Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK, Riggs BJ, Ross CE, McKiernan CA, et al. , International COVID-19 PICU Collaborative. Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):868-73.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1948  PMID: 32392288 
  250. Wei M, Yuan J, Liu Y, Fu T, Yu X, Zhang Z-J. Novel Coronavirus Infection in Hospitalized Infants Under 1 Year of Age in China. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1313-4.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2131  PMID: 32058570 
  251. Koczulla RA, Sczepanski B, Koteczki A, Kuhnert S, Hecker M, Askevold I, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in two patients following recent lung transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(10):2928-32.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15998  PMID: 32400084 
  252. Ottaviani D, Boso F, Tranquillini E, Gapeni I, Pedrotti G, Cozzio S, et al. Early Guillain-Barré syndrome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a case report from an Italian COVID-hospital. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(6):1351-4.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04449-8  PMID: 32399950 
  253. Bush R, Johns F, Acharya R, Upadhyay K. Mild COVID-19 in a pediatric renal transplant recipient. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(10):2942-5.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16003  PMID: 32406181 
  254. Chen M, An W, Xia F, Yang P, Li K, Zhou Q, et al. Clinical characteristics of rehospitalized patients with COVID-19 in China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):2146-51.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26002  PMID: 32401361 
  255. Huang W, Zhao Z, He Z, Liu S, Wu Q, Zhang X, et al. Unfavorable outcomes in pregnant patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(2):e99-101.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.014  PMID: 32417313 
  256. Rodríguez-Cola M, Jiménez-Velasco I, Gutiérrez-Henares F, López-Dolado E, Gambarrutta-Malfatti C, Vargas-Baquero E, et al. Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a cohort of patients with disability due to spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1):39.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41394-020-0288-3  PMID: 32404896 
  257. Verdoni L, Mazza A, Gervasoni A, Martelli L, Ruggeri M, Ciuffreda M, et al. An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1771-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X  PMID: 32410760 
  258. Man Z, Jing Z, Huibo S, Bin L, Fanjun Z. Viral shedding prolongation in a kidney transplant patient with COVID-19 pneumonia. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(9):2626-7.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.15996  PMID: 32400931 
  259. Ferguson J, Rosser JI, Quintero O, Scott J, Subramanian A, Gumma M, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease Patients under Nonsurge Conditions, Northern California, USA, March-April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(8):1679-85.  https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201776  PMID: 32407284 
  260. Gervasoni C, Meraviglia P, Riva A, Giacomelli A, Oreni L, Minisci D, et al. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus With COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2276-8.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa579  PMID: 32407467 
  261. Guan WJ, Liang WH, Zhao Y, Liang HR, Chen ZS, Li YM, et al. , China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547.  https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020  PMID: 32217650 
  262. Böhmer MM, Buchholz U, Corman VM, Hoch M, Katz K, Marosevic DV, et al. Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(8):920-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30314-5  PMID: 32422201 
  263. Chen W, Zheng KI, Liu S, Yan Z, Xu C, Qiao Z. Plasma CRP level is positively associated with the severity of COVID-19. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020;19(1):18.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-020-00362-2  PMID: 32414383 
  264. Diotallevi F, Campanati A, Bianchelli T, Bobyr I, Luchetti MM, Marconi B, et al. Skin involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Case series. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2332-4.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26012  PMID: 32410241 
  265. Pasomsub E, Watcharananan SP, Boonyawat K, Janchompoo P, Wongtabtim G, Suksuwan W, et al. Saliva sample as a non-invasive specimen for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019: a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(2):285.e1-4.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.001  PMID: 32422408 
  266. Zheng L, Wang X, Zhou C, Liu Q, Li S, Sun Q, et al. Analysis of the Infection Status of Healthcare Workers in Wuhan During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2109-13.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa588  PMID: 32409825 
  267. Ning J, Li W, Ruan Y, Xia Y, Wu X, Hu K, et al. Effects of 2019 Novel Coronavirus on Male Reproductive System: A Retrospective Study. Preprints. 2020.
  268. Pan F, Xiao X, Guo J, Song Y, Li H, Patel DP, et al. No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019. Fertil Steril. 2020;113(6):1135-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024  PMID: 32482249 
  269. Han Y, Yang H. The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19): A Chinese perspective. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):639-44.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25749  PMID: 32141619 
  270. Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 - Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(14):411-5.  https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6914e1  PMID: 32271722 
  271. Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S, Shu C, Wang D, Song J, et al. Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool Specimen of a Laboratory-Confirmed Case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Weekly.2020;2(8):123-4.  https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.033 
  272. Sun Y, Koh V, Marimuthu K, Ng OT, Young B, Vasoo S, et al. , National Centre for Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Outbreak Research Team. Epidemiological and Clinical Predictors of COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):786-92.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa322  PMID: 32211755 
  273. Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, et al. Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(13):1283-6.  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2016359  PMID: 32857487 
  274. Gross O, Moerer O, Weber M, Huber TB, Scheithauer S. COVID-19-associated nephritis: early warning for disease severity and complications? Lancet. 2020;395(10236):e87-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31041-2  PMID: 32423587 
  275. Sun J, Zhu A, Li H, Zheng K, Zhuang Z, Chen Z, et al. Isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from urine of a COVID-19 patient. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):991-3.  https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1760144  PMID: 32342724 
  276. World Health Organization (WHO). Molecular assays to diagnose COVID-19. In-house developed molecular assays. Geneva: WHO;2020 [Accessed 14 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/whoinhouseassays.pdf?sfvrsn=de3a76aa_2.
  277. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, Molenkamp R, Meijer A, Chu DK, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(3):2000045.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045  PMID: 31992387 
  278. Chu DKW, Pan Y, Cheng SMS, Hui KPY, Krishnan P, Liu Y, et al. Molecular Diagnosis of a Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Causing an Outbreak of Pneumonia. Clin Chem. 2020;66(4):549-55.  https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa029  PMID: 32031583 
  279. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-time rRT-PCR Panel Primers and Probes. Atlanta: CDC; 2020 [Accessed 9 Mar 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/rt-pcr-panel-primer-probes.html
  280. Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7  PMID: 32015507 
  281. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-15.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3  PMID: 32151335 
  282. Kucirka LM, Lauer SA, Laeyendecker O, Boon D, Lessler J. Variation in False-Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since Exposure. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(4):262-7.  https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1495  PMID: 32422057 
  283. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Guidance for discharge and ending isolation in the context of widespread community transmission of COVID-19. Stockholm: ECDC; 8 Apr 2020. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-guidance-discharge-and-ending-isolation
  284. Tay JY, Lim PL, Marimuthu K, Sadarangani SP, Ling LM, Ang BSP, et al. De-isolating Coronavirus Disease 2019 Suspected Cases: A Continuing Challenge. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):883-4.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa179  PMID: 32100024 
  285. Bergmans BJM, Reusken CBEM, Van Oudheusden AJG, Godeke G-J, Bonacic Marinovic AA, de Vries E, et al. Declining SARS-CoV-2 PCR sensitivity with time and dependence on clinical features: consequences for control. medRxiv. 2020:2020.08.23.20179408.
  286. Sethuraman N, Jeremiah SS, Ryo A. Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020;323(22):2249-51.  https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.8259  PMID: 32374370 
  287. van Kampen JJA, van de Vijver DAMC, Fraaij PLA, Haagmans BL, Lamers MM, Okba N, et al. Shedding of infectious virus in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): duration and key determinants. medRxiv. 2020:2020.06.08.20125310.
  288. Chang L, Yan Y, Wang L. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Coronaviruses and Blood Safety. Transfus Med Rev. 2020;34(2):75-80.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2020.02.003  PMID: 32107119 
Towards a sensitive and accurate interpretation of molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2: a rapid review of 264 studies
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Kamelia+R.+Stanoeva&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Stanoeva Kamelia R.</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Annemiek+A.+van+der+Eijk&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">van der Eijk Annemiek A.</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Adam+Meijer&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Meijer Adam</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Laetitia+M.+Kortbeek&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Kortbeek Laetitia M.</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Marion+P.G.+Koopmans&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Koopmans Marion P.G.</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Chantal+B.E.M.+Reusken&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Reusken Chantal B.E.M.</a></span>. Towards a sensitive and accurate interpretation of molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2: a rapid review of 264 studies. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2021;26(10):pii=2001134. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.10.2001134" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.10.2001134</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 06 Jun 2020;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 20 Oct 2020 </span> </p>
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.10.2001134
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.10.2001134
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Supplementary data

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error