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Abstract

Background

Evidence for face-mask wearing in the community to protect against respiratory disease is unclear.

Aim

To assess effectiveness of wearing face masks in the community to prevent respiratory disease, and recommend improvements to this evidence base.

Methods

We systematically searched Scopus, Embase and MEDLINE for studies evaluating respiratory disease incidence after face-mask wearing (or not). Narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis of attack rates for primary and secondary prevention were performed, subgrouped by design, setting, face barrier type, and who wore the mask. Preferred outcome was influenza-like illness. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) quality assessment was undertaken and evidence base deficits described.

Results

33 studies (12 randomised control trials (RCTs)) were included. Mask wearing reduced primary infection by 6% (odds ratio (OR): 0.94; 95% CI: 0.75–1.19 for RCTs) to 61% (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.32–2.27; OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18–0.84 and OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.45–0.85 for cohort, case–control and cross-sectional studies respectively). RCTs suggested lowest secondary attack rates when both well and ill household members wore masks (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.48–1.37). While RCTs might underestimate effects due to poor compliance and controls wearing masks, observational studies likely overestimate effects, as mask wearing might be associated with other risk-averse behaviours. GRADE was low or very low quality.

Conclusion

Wearing face masks may reduce primary respiratory infection risk, probably by 6–15%. It is important to balance evidence from RCTs and observational studies when their conclusions widely differ and both are at risk of significant bias. COVID-19-specific studies are required.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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2020-12-10
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Community use of face masks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: a rapid scoping review
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Julii+Brainard&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Brainard Julii</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Natalia+R.+Jones&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Jones Natalia R.</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Iain+R+Lake&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Lake Iain R</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Lee+Hooper&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Hooper Lee</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Paul+R+Hunter&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Hunter Paul R</a></span>. Community use of face masks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: a rapid scoping review. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2020;25(49):pii=2000725. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.49.2000725" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.49.2000725</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 23 Apr 2020;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 25 Aug 2020 </span> </p>
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.49.2000725
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