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Abstract

Background

Notified cases of hepatitis E have increased 40-fold in the past 10 years in Germany. Food safety is a major concern as hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA has been detected in ready-to-eat retail-level food products. The objective of this case–control study was to assess risk factors for autochthonous symptomatic hepatitis E and explore reasons for delays in diagnosis. Demographic, clinical and exposure data from notified hepatitis E cases and individually matched population controls were collected in semi-standardised telephone interviews. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate matched odds ratios (mOR) and population attributable fractions (PAF). In total, 270 cases and 1,159 controls were included (mean age 53 years, 61% men in both groups). Associated with disease were: consumption of undercooked pork liver, pork, wild boar meat, frankfurters, liver sausage and raw vegetables; contact with waste water (occupational) and various host factors (mORs between 1.9 and 34.1, p value < 0.03). PAF for frankfurters and liver sausage were 17.6%, and 23.6%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the clinical presentation and hospitalisation proportion of acute hepatitis E in men and women. Diagnosis was preceded by more invasive procedures in 29.2% of patients, suggesting that hepatitis E was not immediately considered as a common differential diagnosis. Our study suggests that there are indeed sex-specific differences in disease development and lends important epidemiological evidence to specific ready-to-eat pork products as a major source for autochthonous hepatitis E. A review of existing consumer recommendations and production methods may be indicated.

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2018-05-10
2024-04-18
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.19.17-00469
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Case-control study on risk factors for acute hepatitis E in Germany, 2012 to 2014
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Mirko+Faber&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Faber Mirko</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mona+Askar&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Askar Mona</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Klaus+Stark&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Stark Klaus</a></span>. Case-control study on risk factors for acute hepatitis E in Germany, 2012 to 2014. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2018;23(19):pii=17-00469. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.19.17-00469" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.19.17-00469</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 11 Jul 2017;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 02 Jan 2018 </span> </p>
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