Plasmid-encoded colistin resistance: mcr-one, two, three and counting

References

1. Liu YY, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi LX, Zhang R, Spencer J, et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(2):161-8.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7  PMID: 26603172 
2. Skov RL, Monnet DL. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1 gene): three months later, the story unfolds. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(9):30155.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.9.30155  PMID: 26967914 
3. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Updated advice on the use of colistin products in animals within the European Union: development of resistance and possible impact on human and animal health. EMA. Jul 2016. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2016/07/WC500211080.pdf
4. Xavier BB, Lammens C, Ruhal R, Kumar-Singh S, Butaye P, Goossens H, et al. Identification of a novel plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene, mcr-2, in Escherichia coli, Belgium, June 2016. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(27):30280.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.27.30280  PMID: 27416987 
5. Arcilla MS, van Hattem JM, Haverkate MR, Bootsma MC, van Genderen PJ, Goorhuis A, et al. Import and spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae by international travellers (COMBAT study): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):78-85.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30319-X  PMID: 27751772 
6. von Wintersdorff CJ, Wolffs PF, van Niekerk JM, Beuken E, van Alphen LB, Stobberingh EE, et al. Detection of the plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene mcr-1 in faecal metagenomes of Dutch travellers. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(12):3416-9.  https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw328  PMID: 27559117 
7. Roer L, Hansen F, Stegger M, Sönksen UW, Hasman H, Hammerum AM. Novel mcr-3 variant, encoding mobile colistin resistance, in an ST131 Escherichia coli isolate from bloodstream infection, Denmark, 2014. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(31):30584.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30584 
8. Litrup E, Kiil K, Hammerum AM, Roer L, Nielsen EM, Torpdahl M. Plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene mcr-3 in Salmonella isolates from human infections, Denmark, 2009–17. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(31):30587.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30587 
9. Hernández M, Iglesias MR, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Gallardo A, Quijada NM, Miguela-Villoldo P, et al. Co-occurrence of colistin-resistance genes mcr-1 and mcr-3 among multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, Spain, September 2015. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(31):30586.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30586 
10. Collignon PC, Conly JM, Andremont A, McEwen SA, Aidara-Kane A, Agerso Y, et al. . World Health Organization Ranking of Antimicrobials According to Their Importance in Human Medicine: A Critical Step for Developing Risk Management Strategies to Control Antimicrobial Resistance From Food Animal Production. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(8):1087-93.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw475  PMID: 27439526 
11. Walsh TR, Wu Y. China bans colistin as a feed additive for animals. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(10):1102-3.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30329-2  PMID: 27676338 
12. Giani T, Antonelli A, Caltagirone M, Mauri C, Nicchi J, Arena F, et al. Evolving beta-lactamase epidemiology in Enterobacteriaceae from Italian nationwide surveillance, October 2013: KPC-carbapenemase spreading among outpatients. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(31):30583.  https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.31.30583