1887
  1. Home
  2. Eurosurveillance
  3. Volume 20, Issue 39, 01/Oct/2015
  4. Article
Surveillance and outbreak report Open Access
Like 0
Download

Abstract

Despite the introduction of safe, effective vaccines decades ago and joint global public health efforts to eliminate measles, this vaccine-preventable disease continues to pose threats to children’s health worldwide. During 2013 and 2014, measles virus was introduced into Denmark through several independent importations. This resulted in a number of secondary cases (n = 7), with two clusters in 2013 and one in 2014. In total, there were 44 cases of measles. Most cases (n = 41) were laboratory confirmed by detection of measles virus genome by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and IgM antibodies. The viruses from confirmed cases were genotyped by sequencing. Only one genotype circulated each year, i.e. D8 and B3, respectively. Sequencing of measles virus from different clinical specimens from the same patients revealed that sequence variants of measles viruses might co-exist and co-transmit during an outbreak. The majority of the cases were unvaccinated (n = 27) or recipients of one dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (n = 7). In addition, two fully vaccinated adult cases were reported in 2014. We demonstrate the transmission of measles virus in a population in which the two-dose MMR vaccination coverage rate was 80% and how even vaccinated individuals may be at risk of contracting measles once transmission has been established.

© Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30027
2015-10-01
2024-12-03
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30027
Loading
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/20/39/eurosurv-20-39-3.html?itemId=/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30027&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Measles virus nomenclature update: 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87(9):73-81. PMID: 22462199 
  2. World Health Organization (WHO). Measles Fact sheet no 286. Feb 2015. Geneva: WHO. [Accessed 2 Feb 2015]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/
  3. Sencer DJ, Dull HB, Langmuir AD. Epidemiologic basis for eradication of measles in 1967. Public Health Rep. 1967;82(3):253-6.  https://doi.org/10.2307/4592985  PMID: 4960501 
  4. World Health Organization (WHO). Global measles and rubella strategic plan 2012-2020. Geneva: WHO; 2012. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44855/1/9789241503396_eng.pdf
  5. World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. Measles and rubella elimination 2015. Package for accelerated action: 2013-2015. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2013. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/215480/PACKAGE-FOR-ACCELERATED-ACTION-20132015.pdf?ua=1
  6. Bottiger B, Nielsen LP. MFR 2-vaccination fremrykkes til 4 års alderen. [MMR 2 vaccination moved forward to 4 years of age]. EPI-NYT. Cophenhagen: Statens Serum Institut; 2008. Available from: http://www.ssi.dk/~/media/Indhold/DK%20-%20dansk/Aktuelt/Nyhedsbreve/EPI-NYT/2008/2008%20PDF/EPI-NYT%20-%202008%20-%20uge%209.ashx
  7. Wójcik OP, Simonsen J, Mølbak K, Valentiner-Branth P. Validation of the 5-year tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and polio booster vaccination in the Danish childhood vaccination database. Vaccine. 2013;31(6):955-9.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.100  PMID: 23246264 
  8. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO Europe). Surveillance guidelines for measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the WHO European Region. WHO publication EUR/08/5082738. Copenhagen: WHO Europe; 2009. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/79020/E93035.pdf
  9. Muscat M, Vinner L, Christiansen AH, Glismann S, Böttiger BE. The benefit of molecular characterization during a measles upsurge in Denmark. Vaccine. 2007;25(33):6232-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.063  PMID: 17629377 
  10. Vainio K, Steen TW, Arnesen TM, Rønning K, Ånestad G, Dudman S. Measles virus genotyping an important tool in measles outbreak investigation in Norway, 2011. Euro Surveill. 2012;17(50):20340. PMID: 23241234 
  11. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Measles case definition. 8 Sep 2012. Stockholm: ECDC. [Accessed 9 Jan 2015]. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/euvac/case_definition/pages/measles.aspx
  12. El Mubarak HS, De Swart RL, Osterhaus ADME, Schutten M. Development of a semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR for the detection of measles virus. J Clin Virol. 2005;32(4):313-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2004.08.017  PMID: 15780811 
  13. WHO. New genotype of measles virus and update on global distribution of measles genotypes. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2005;80(40):347-51. PMID: 16240986 
  14. Rota PA, Brown K, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Shulga S, Muller CP, et al. Global distribution of measles genotypes and measles molecular epidemiology. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(Suppl 1):S514-23.  https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir118  PMID: 21666208 
  15. Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(22):4673-80.  https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4673  PMID: 7984417 
  16. Statens Serum Institut (SSI). Tema om Mæslinger. [Theme on measles]. Copenhagen: SSI. [Accessed 20 May 2015. Danish. Available from: http://www.ssi.dk/Aktuelt/Sygdomsudbrud/Maeslingetema.aspx
  17. Muscat M, Shefer A, Ben Mamou M, Spataru R, Jankovic D, Deshevoy S, et al. The state of measles and rubella in the WHO European Region, 2013. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(Suppl 5):12-8.  https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12584  PMID: 24520948 
  18. World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. WHO Sub-Regional meeting for Measles/ Rubella National Reference Laboratories, Western and Central European Countries. 5-7 May 2014, Helsinki, Finland. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2014. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/145671/1/WHO%20Subregional%20meeting%20for%20the%20measles%20rubella%20national%20reference%20laboratories%20of%20western%20and%20central%20European%20Countries.pdf
  19. Groth C, Bottiger B, Plesner A, Christiansen A, Glismann S, Hogh B. Nosocomial measles cluster in Denmark following an imported case, December 2008-January 2009. Euro Surveill. 2009;14(8):19126. PMID: 19250624 
  20. Muscat M, Hartvig Christiansen A, Bottiger BE, Plesner A, Glismann S. A cluster of measles cases in Denmark following importation, January and February 2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(9):8050. PMID: 18445407 
  21. Muñoz-Alía MA, Fernández-Muñoz R, Casasnovas JM, Porras-Mansilla R, Serrano-Pardo Á, Pagán I, et al. Measles virus genetic evolution throughout an imported epidemic outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. Virus Res. 2015;196:122-7.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.015  PMID: 25445338 
  22. Allam MF. New measles vaccination schedules in the European countries? J Prev Med Hyg. 2014;55(1):33-4. PMID: 25916031 
  23. Defay F, De Serres G, Skowronski DM, Boulianne N, Ouakki M, Landry M, et al. Measles in children vaccinated with 2 doses of MMR. Pediatrics. 2013;132(5):e1126-33.  https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3975  PMID: 24144708 
  24. Waaijenborg S, Hahné SJ, Mollema L, Smits GP, Berbers GA, van der Klis FR, et al. Waning of maternal antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in communities with contrasting vaccination coverage. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(1):10-6.  https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit143  PMID: 23661802 
  25. De Serres G, Sciberras J, Naus M, Boulianne N, Duval B, Rochette L. Protection after two doses of measles vaccine is independent of interval between doses. J Infect Dis. 1999;180(1):187-90.  https://doi.org/10.1086/314847  PMID: 10353877 
  26. Vandermeulen C, Mathieu R, Geert LR, Pierre VD, Karel H. Long-term persistence of antibodies after one or two doses of MMR-vaccine. Vaccine. 2007;25(37-38):6672-6.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.008  PMID: 17692439 
  27. Rosen JB, Rota JS, Hickman CJ, Sowers SB, Mercader S, Rota PA, et al. Outbreak of measles among persons with prior evidence of immunity, New York City, 2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58(9):1205-10.  https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu105  PMID: 24585562 
  28. LeBaron CW, Beeler J, Sullivan BJ, Forghani B, Bi D, Beck C, et al. Persistence of measles antibodies after 2 doses of measles vaccine in a postelimination environment. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(3):294-301.  https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.3.294  PMID: 17339511 
  29. Ogbuanu IU, Kutty PK, Hudson JM, Blog D, Abedi GR, Goodell S, et al. Impact of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine on a mumps outbreak. Pediatrics. 2012;130(6):e1567-74.
  30. Krause TG, Valentiner-Branth P, Galle M, Mølbak K. Påmindelse om manglende børnevaccinationer, erfaringer efter de første fem måneder. [Reminder about missing childhood vaccinations, experiences from the first five months]. EPI-NYT week 4 2015. Cophenhagen: Statens Serum Institut; Danish. Available from: http://www.ssi.dk/Aktuelt/Nyhedsbreve/EPI-NYT/2015/Uge%204%20-%202015.aspx
Phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis of measles outbreaks in Denmark, 2013 to 2014
<p class="citation"> <span>Citation style for this article:</span> <span class="meta-value authors"> <a href="/search?value1=Lasse+Dam+Rasmussen&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Rasmussen Lasse Dam</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Jannik+Fonager&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Fonager Jannik</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Lisbet+Krause+Knudsen&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Knudsen Lisbet Krause</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Peter+Henrik+Senten+Andersen&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Andersen Peter Henrik Senten</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Jesper+R%C3%B8nn&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Rønn Jesper</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Mille+Weismann+Poulsen&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Poulsen Mille Weismann</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Kristina+Tr%C3%A6holt+Franck&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Franck Kristina Træholt</a>, <a href="/search?value1=Thea+K%C3%B8lsen+Fischer&option1=author&noRedirect=true" class="nonDisambigAuthorLink">Fischer Thea Kølsen</a></span>. Phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis of measles outbreaks in Denmark, 2013 to 2014. <a href="/content/ecdc">Euro Surveill.</a> 2015;20(39):pii=30027. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30027" title="doi link" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30027</a> <span class="ES_Article_citation"> <span class="generated">Received</span>: 17 Jun 2015;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class="generated">Accepted</span>: 22 Sept 2015 </span> </p>
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30027
/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.39.30027
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Submit comment
Close
Comment moderation successfully completed
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error